Introduction
Methods and materials
Study area
Study population and design
Data management
Outcome variable
Exposure variable
Other key variables
Data analysis
Results
Exposure variables (n) | Percentages |
---|---|
Use of biomass fuel | |
Non-biomass user (n = 6402) | 60.5 |
In-house biomass user (n = 2235) | 21.1 |
Outdoor/separate house biomass user (n = 1938) | 18.3 |
Residential factors | |
Area of residence | |
City corporation: slum (n = 4802) | 45.4 |
City corporation: non-slum (n = 2433) | 23.0 |
Other urban area (n = 3340) | 31.5 |
Migration status | |
Non-migrated (n = 6484) | 61.3 |
Migrated (n = 4091) | 38.6 |
Toilet facility | |
Not improved (n = 1605) | 15.1 |
Improved (n = 8970) | 84.8 |
Sources of water | |
Piped water (n = 5467) | 51.7 |
Tube well (n = 5034) | 47.6 |
Others (n = 74) | 0.7 |
Floor materials | |
Others (Earth/wood/tiles) (n = 3069) | 29.0 |
Concrete/cement (n = 7506) | 70.9 |
Garbage disposal | |
Not improved (n = 5404) | 51.1 |
Improved (n = 5171) | 48.9 |
Mother characteristics | |
Mothers education | |
No formal education (n = 1769) | 16.7 |
Primary (n = 3213) | 30.3 |
Secondary and above (n = 5593) | 52.8 |
Age of the mother (in years) | |
Less than 19 (n = 964) | 9.1 |
20–29 (n = 7037) | 66.5 |
30 and above (n = 2574) | 24.3 |
Birth complication of mother | |
No (n = 7215) | 68.2 |
Yes (n = 3360) | 31.7 |
Current working status of the mother | |
No (n = 8785) | 83.0 |
Yes (n = 1790) | 16.9 |
Exposure to media | |
No exposure (n = 2551) | 24.1 |
At least one media exposed in everyday (n = 8024) | 75.8 |
Exposure to NGO | |
Not a member of NGO (n = 8822) | 83.4 |
At least one NGO member (n = 1753) | 16.5 |
Place of hand washing | |
Not observed (n = 1165) | 11.0 |
Observed (n = 9410) | 88.9 |
Child characteristics | |
Age of the child (in months) | |
0–5 (n = 1441) | 13.6 |
6–23 (n = 4687) | 44.3 |
24–59 (n = 4447) | 42.0 |
Birth order | |
1 (n = 3639) | 34.3 |
2 (n = 3774) | 35.6 |
3+ (n = 3162) | 29.9 |
Gender of the children | |
Boy (n = 5290) | 50.0 |
Girl (n = 5285) | 49.9 |
Stunting | |
No (n = 5887) | 55.6 |
Yes (n = 3286) | 31.0 |
Explanatory variables (n) | Respiratory symptoms | ||
---|---|---|---|
Absent (8414) | Present (2161) | p value | |
Use of biomass fuel | |||
Non-biomass user (6402) | 80.9 | 19.1 | < 0.001 |
In-house biomass user (2235) | 77.0 | 23.0 | |
Outdoor/separate house biomass user (1938) | 78.1 | 21.9 | |
Residential factors | |||
Area of residence | |||
City corporation: slum (4802) | 79.4 | 20.6 | 0.044 |
City corporation: non-slum (2433) | 81.3 | 18.7 | |
Other urban area (3340) | 78.6 | 21.4 | |
Migration status | |||
Non-migrant (6484) | 80.1 | 19.9 | 0.080 |
Migrant (4091) | 78.7 | 21.3 | |
Toilet facility | |||
Not improved (1605) | 77.2 | 22.8 | 0.011 |
Improved (8970) | 80.0 | 20.0 | |
Sources of water | |||
Piped water (5467) | 80.6 | 19.4 | 0.020 |
Tube well (5034) | 78.4 | 21.6 | |
Others (74) | 82.4 | 17.6 | |
Floor materials | |||
Others (Earth/wood/tiles) (3069) | 79.2 | 20.8 | 0.530 |
Concrete/cement (7506) | 79.7 | 20.3 | |
Garbage disposal | |||
Not improved (5404) | 79.1 | 20.9 | 0.220 |
Improved (5171) | 80.1 | 19.9 | |
Mother characteristics | |||
Mothers education | |||
No formal education (1769) | 81.9 | 18.0 | 0.017 |
Primary (3213) | 78.6 | 21.3 | |
Secondary and above (5593) | 79.3 | 20.6 | |
Age of the mother (in years) | |||
Less than 20 (964) | 77.1 | 22.9 | < 0.001 |
20–29 (7037) | 79.4 | 20.6 | |
30 and above (2574) | 80.9 | 19.1 | |
Birth complication of mother | |||
No (7215) | 82.0 | 18.0 | < 0.001 |
Yes (3360) | 74.3 | 25.7 | |
Current working status of the mother | |||
No (8785) | 79.0 | 21.0 | 0.002 |
Yes (1790) | 82.4 | 17.6 | |
Exposure to media | |||
No exposure (2551) | 78.4 | 21.6 | 0.010 |
At least one media exposed in everyday (8024) | 79.9 | 20.1 | |
Exposure to NGO | |||
Not a member of NGO (8822) | 80.5 | 19.5 | < 0.001 |
At least one NGO member (1753) | 74.9 | 25.1 | |
Place of hand washing | |||
Not observed (1165) | 76.9 | 23.1 | < 0.001 |
Observed (9410) | 79.9 | 20.1 | |
Child characteristics | |||
Age of the child (in months) | |||
0–5 (1441) | 81.8 | 18.3 | < 0.001 |
6–23 (4687) | 77.5 | 22.6 | |
24–59 (4447) | 81.1 | 18.9 | |
Birth order | |||
1 (3639) | 77.1 | 22.9 | < 0.001 |
2 (3774) | 80.7 | 19.3 | |
3+ (3162) | 81.1 | 18.9 | |
Gender of children | |||
Boy (5290) | 78.8 | 21.3 | 0.044 |
Girl (5285) | 80.4 | 19.6 | |
Stunting | |||
No (5887) | 79.2 | 20.8 | < 0.001 |
Yes (3286) | 75.9 | 24.1 |
Explanatory variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
UOR [95% CI] | AOR [95% CI] | AOR [95% CI] | AOR [95% CI] | |
Use of biomass fuel | ||||
Non-biomass user | ref | ref | ref | ref |
In-house biomass user | 1.27 [1.13–1.42]*** | 1.22 [1.07–1.39]*** | 1.17 [1.03–1.34]** | 1.18 [1.04–1.36]** |
Outdoor/separate house biomass user | 1.19 [1.05–1.34]*** | 1.13 [0.99–1.29] | 1.12 [0.97–1.28] | 1.13 [0.97–1.30] |
Residential factors | ||||
Area of residence | ||||
City corporation: slum | ref | ref | ref | |
City corporation: non-slum | 1.08 [0.96–1.23] | 1.09 [0.95–1.25] | 1.03 [0.90–1.19] | |
Other urban area | 1.06 [0.92–1.23] | 1.04 [0.89–1.20] | 0.97 [0.83–1.13] | |
Toilet facility | ||||
Not improved | ref | ref | ref | |
Improved | 0.84 [0.74–0.96]*** | 0.85 [0.75–0.97]** | 0.85 [0.74–0.97]** | |
Sources of water | ||||
Piped water | ref | ref | ref | |
Tube well | 1.05 [0.95–1.18] | 1.02 [0.92–1.15] | 1.02 [0.91–1.15] | |
Others | 0.82 [0.45–1.49] | 0.80 [0.43–1.47] | 0.70 [0.35–1.40] | |
Mother characteristics | ||||
Mothers education | ||||
No formal education | ref | ref | ||
Primary | 1.22 [1.04–1.41]*** | 1.21 [1.03–1.42]** | ||
Secondary and above | 1.22 [1.05–1.42]*** | 1.18 [1.00–1.38]** | ||
Age of the mother (in years) | ||||
Less than 20 | ref | ref | ||
20–29 | 0.89 [0.76–1.05] | 1.05 [0.87–1.26] | ||
30 and above | 0.83 [0.69–1.00] | 1.00 [0.79–1.25] | ||
Birth complication of mother | ||||
No | ref | ref | ||
Yes | 1.54 [1.39–1.70]*** | 1.51 [1.36–1.67]*** | ||
Current working status of the mother | ||||
No | ref | ref | ||
Yes | 0.81 [0.71–0.93]*** | 0.88 [0.76–1.02] | ||
Exposure to media | ||||
No exposure | ref | ref | ||
At least one media exposed in everyday | 0.92 [0.81–1.03] | 0.90 [0.79–1.02] | ||
Exposure to NGO | ||||
Not a member of NGO | ref | ref | ||
At least one NGO member | 1.32 [1.16–1.49]*** | 1.32 [1.16–1.51]*** | ||
Place of hand washing | ||||
Not observed | ref | ref | ||
Observed | 0.86 [0.74–1.00] | 0.84 [0.72–0.99]** | ||
Child characteristics | ||||
Age of the child (in months) | ||||
0–5 | ref | |||
6–23 | 1.29 [1.10–1.52]*** | |||
24–59 | 1.05 [0.89–1.24] | |||
Birth order | ||||
1 | ref | |||
2 | 0.83 [0.73–0.94]*** | |||
3+ | 0.80 [0.68–0.94]*** | |||
Gender of children | ||||
Boy | ref | |||
Girl | 0.90 [0.82–1.00] | |||
Stunting | ||||
No | ref | |||
Yes | 1.18 [1.06–1.31]*** | |||
Goodness of fit of the models | Hosmer-Lemeshow chi2 (1) | Hosmer-Lemeshow chi2 (8) | Hosmer-Lemeshow chi2 (8) | Hosmer-Lemeshow chi2 (8) |
Test value (p value) | 0.00 (1.00) | 13.84 (0.08) | 4.71 (0.78) | 7.22 (0.51) |