1 Background
2 Methods
2.1 Study locations and ethical approval
2.2 Sample collections and culture procedure
2.3 Antibiotic susceptibility test
2.4 Statistical analysis
3 Results
3.1 Identifying the frequency of bacteria causing urinary infection
3.2 Identifying the frequency of used antibiotics
Consumed antibiotics | Number | f (%) |
---|---|---|
Norfloxacin | ||
Consumed | 4 | 88.5 |
Not consumed | 64 | 12.94 |
Imipenem | ||
Consumed | 19 | 27.94 |
Not consumed | 49 | 72.06 |
Vancomycin | ||
Consumed | 10 | 14.71 |
Not consumed | 58 | 58.29 |
Rifampin | ||
Consumed | 2 | 2.94 |
Not consumed | 66 | 97.06 |
Metronidazole | ||
Consumed | 4 | 5.88 |
Not consumed | 64 | 94.12 |
Tazocin | ||
Consumed | 3 | 4.41 |
Not consumed | 65 | 95.59 |
Clindamycin | ||
Consumed | 3 | 4.41 |
Not consumed | 65 | 95.59 |
Amikacin | ||
Consumed | 23 | 33.82 |
Not consumed | 45 | 66.18 |
Nitrofurantoin | ||
Consumed | 0 | 0 |
Not consumed | 68 | 100 |
Co-trimoxazole | ||
Consumed | 48 | 70.59 |
Not consumed | 20 | 29.41 |
Norfloxacin | ||
Consumed | 4 | 5.88 |
Not consumed | 5.88 | 94.12 |
Cefotaxime | ||
Consumed | 3 | 4.41 |
Not consumed | 65 | 95.59 |
Streptomycin | ||
Consumed | 1 | 1.47 |
Not consumed | 67 | 98.53 |
Ampibactam | ||
Consumed | 3 | 4.41 |
Not consumed | 65 | 65.59 |
Azithromycin | ||
Consumed | 4 | 5.88 |
Not consumed | 64 | 94.12 |
Isoniazid | ||
Consumed | 1 | 1.47 |
Not consumed | 67 | 98.53 |
Chloramphenicol | ||
Consumed | 1 | 1.47 |
Not consumed | 67 | 98.53 |
Tetracycline | ||
Consumed | 0 | 0 |
Not consumed | 68 | 100 |
Ofloxacin | ||
Consumed | 0 | 0 |
Not consumed | 68 | 100 |
Cefazolin | ||
Consumed | 1 | 1.47 |
Not consumed | 67 | 98.53 |
Nalidixic acid | ||
Consumed | 50 | 73.53 |
Not consumed | 18 | 26.47 |
Cephalothin | ||
Consumed | 11 | 16.18 |
Not consumed | 57 | 83.82 |
Cefepime | ||
Consumed | 2 | 2.94 |
Not consumed | 66 | 97.06 |
Tobramycin | ||
Consumed | 0 | 0 |
Not consumed | 68 | 68(100) |
Amoxicillin | ||
Consumed | 0 | 0 |
Not consumed | 68 | 100 |
Ceftriaxone | ||
Consumed | 42 | 61.76 |
Not consumed | 26 | 38.24 |
Cefixime | ||
Consumed | 49 | 72.05 |
Not consumed | 19 | 27.95 |
Ceftazidime | ||
Consumed | 42 | 61.76 |
Not consumed | 26 | 38.24 |
Ceftizoxime | ||
Consumed | 1 | 1.49 |
Not consumed | 67 | 98.53 |
Nitrofurantoin | ||
Consumed | 7 | 10.29 |
Not consumed | 61 | 89.71 |
Ciprofloxacin | ||
Consumed | 49 | 72.06 |
Not consumed | 19 | 27.94 |
Gentamicin | ||
Consumed | 22 | 32.35 |
Not consumed | 46 | 67.65 |
Ampicillin | ||
Consumed | 2 | 2.94 |
Not consumed | 66 | 97.06 |
3.3 Identifying the frequency of UTI-causing bacteria based on age
Bacteria | Less than 30 | 31–40 | 41–50 | 51–60 | 61–70 | More than 71 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | (%) f | n | (%)f | n | (%) f | n | (%) f | n | (%) f | n | (%) f | |
E. coli | 5 | 12.5 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 2.5 | 8 | 20 | 8 | 20 | 16 | 40 |
Klebsiella | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7.7 | 1 | 7.7 | 4 | 30.8 | 3 | 23.1 | 4 | 30.8 |
Acinetobacter | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 25 | 2 | 25 | 2 | 25 | 2 | 25 |
Staphylococcus aureus | 1 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 50 |
Staphylococcus epidermidis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Pseudomonas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 50 |
Staphylococcus auricularis | 1 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3.4 Identifying the frequency of UTI-causing bacteria based on gender
Bacteria | Female | Male | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
n | (%) f | n | (%) f | |
E. coli | 22 | 55 | 18 | 45 |
Klebsiella | 6 | 64.5 | 3 | 35.5 |
Acinetobacter | 5 | 62.5 | 3 | 37.5 |
Staphylococcus aureus | 1 | 50 | 1 | 50 |
Staphylococcus epidermidis | 1 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 0 | 0 | 1 | 100 |
Pseudomonas | 1 | 50 | 1 | 50 |
Staphylococcus auricularis | 1 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
3.5 Antibiotic resistance of UTI-causing bacteria
Antibiotic | Antibiotic resistance | |
---|---|---|
n | (%) f | |
Amikacin | 2 | 13 |
Cefixime | 4 | 57 |
Ceftazidime | 8 | 61 |
Ceftizoxime | 5 | 1 |
Nitrofurantoin | 3 | 10 |
Ciprofloxacin | 1 | 72 |
Gentamicin | 4 | 32 |
Cotrimoxazole | 6 | 70 |
Nalidixic acid | 5 | 73 |
Norfloxacin | 9 | 5 |
Cefotaxime | 4 | 4 |
Cephalothin | 6 | 16 |
Imipenem | 9 | 2 |
Vancomycin | 5 | 1 |
Cefazolin | 5 | 1 |
Cefepime | 9 | 2 |
Ampicillin | 9 | 2 |
Chloramphenicol | 5 | 1 |
Ceftriaxone | 2 | 48 |
3.6 Identifying the frequency of antibiotic resistance of UTI-causing bacteria based on the age
Antibiotic | Less than 30 | 31–40 | 41–50 | 51–60 | 61–70 | More than 71 | P-Value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | (%) f | n | (%) f | n | (%) f | n | (%) f | n | (%) f | n | (%) f | ||
Amikacin | |||||||||||||
Resistant | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 12.5 | 3 | 21.43 | 4 | 16.67 | 0.018 |
Not-resistant | 7 | 100 | 3 | 100 | 4 | 100 | 14 | 87.5 | 11 | 87.57 | 20 | 83.33 | |
Cefixime | |||||||||||||
Resistant | 5 | 71.43 | 2 | 66.67 | 2 | 50 | 10 | 62.5 | 8 | 57.14 | 12 | 50 | 0.654 |
Not-resistant | 2 | 28.57 | 1 | 33.33 | 2 | 50 | 6 | 37.5 | 6 | 42.86 | 12 | 50 | |
Ceftazidime | |||||||||||||
Resistant | 2 | 28.57 | 2 | 66.67 | 3 | 75 | 11 | 68.75 | 11 | 87.75 | 13 | 54.17 | 0.654 |
Not-resistant | 5 | 71.43 | 1 | 33.33 | 1 | 25 | 5 | 31.25 | 3 | 21.43 | 11 | 45.73 | |
Ceftizoxime | |||||||||||||
Resistant | 1 | 14.29 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
Not-resistant | 6 | 85.71 | 3 | 100 | 4 | 100 | 16 | 100 | 14 | 100 | 24 | 100 | |
Nitrofurantoin | |||||||||||||
Resistant | 0 | 0 | 1 | 33.33 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 12.5 | 1 | 7.14 | 3 | 12.5 | – |
Not-resistant | 7 | 100 | 2 | 66.67 | 4 | 100 | 14 | 87.5 | 13 | 92.86 | 21 | 87.5 | |
Ciprofloxacin | |||||||||||||
Resistant | 3 | 42.86 | 1 | 33.33 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 62.5 | 13 | 92.86 | 18 | 75 | |
Not-resistant | 4 | 57.14 | 2 | 66.67 | 4 | 100 | 6 | 37.5 | 1 | 7.14 | 6 | 25 | 0.069 |
Gentamicin | |||||||||||||
Resistant | 1 | 14.29 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 25 | 6 | 37.5 | 7 | 50 | 7 | 29.17 | |
Not-resistant | 6 | 85.71 | 3 | 100 | 3 | 75 | 10 | 62.5 | 7 | 50 | 17 | 70.83 | 0.577 |
Cotrimoxazole | |||||||||||||
Resistant | 5 | 71.43 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 25 | 13 | 81.25 | 9 | 64.29 | 17 | 70.83 | 0.115 |
Not-resistant | 2 | 28.27 | 3 | 100 | 3 | 75 | 3 | 18.75 | 5 | 35.71 | 7 | 29.17 | |
Nalidixic acid | |||||||||||||
Resistant | 4 | 57.14 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 75 | 13 | 81.25 | 11 | 78.57 | 16 | 66.67 | |
Not-resistant | 3 | 42.86 | 3 | 100 | 1 | 25 | 3 | 18.75 | 3 | 21.43 | 8 | 33.33 | – |
Norfloxacin | – | ||||||||||||
Resistant | 2 | 28.27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6.25 | 1 | 7.14 | 0 | 0 | |
Not-resistant | 5 | 71.43 | 3 | 100 | 4 | 100 | 15 | 93.75 | 13 | 92.86 | 24 | 100 | |
Cefotaxime | |||||||||||||
Resistant | 1 | 14.29 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6.25 | 1 | 7.14 | 0 | 0 | – |
Not-resistant | 6 | 85.71 | 3 | 100 | 4 | 100 | 15 | 93.75 | 13 | 92.86 | 24 | 100 | |
Cephalothin | – | ||||||||||||
Resistant | 2 | 28.57 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 18.75 | 3 | 21.45 | 3 | 12.5 | |
Not-resistant | 5 | 71.43 | 3 | 100 | 4 | 100 | 13 | 81.25 | 11 | 87.57 | 21 | 87.5 | |
Imipenem | |||||||||||||
Resistant | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 8.33 | 0.143 |
Not-resistant | 7 | 100 | 3 | 100 | 4 | 100 | 16 | 100 | 14 | 100 | 22 | 91.67 | |
Vancomycin | |||||||||||||
Resistant | 1 | 14.29 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.932 |
Not-resistant | 6 | 85.71 | 3 | 100 | 4 | 100 | 16 | 100 | 14 | 100 | 24 | 100 | |
Rifampin | |||||||||||||
Resistant | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.903 |
Not-resistant | 7 | 100 | 3 | 100 | 4 | 100 | 16 | 100 | 14 | 100 | 24 | 100 | |
Metronidazole | |||||||||||||
Resistant | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.781 |
Not-resistant | 7 | 100 | 3 | 100 | 4 | 100 | 16 | 100 | 14 | 100 | 24 | 100 | |
Tazocin | |||||||||||||
Resistant | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.219 |
Not-resistant | 7 | 100 | 3 | 100 | 4 | 100 | 16 | 100 | 14 | 100 | 24 | 100 | |
Clindamycin | |||||||||||||
Resistant | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.482 |
Not-resistant | 7 | 100 | 3 | 100 | 4 | 100 | 16 | 100 | 14 | 100 | 24 | 100 | |
Cefazolin | |||||||||||||
Resistant | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7.14 | 0 | 0 | – |
Not-resistant | 7 | 100 | 3 | 100 | 4 | 100 | 16 | 100 | 13 | 92.86 | 24 | 100 | |
Cefepime | |||||||||||||
Resistant | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7.14 | 1 | 4.17 | 0.562 |
Not-resistant | 7 | 100 | 3 | 100 | 4 | 100 | 16 | 100 | 13 | 92.86 | 23 | 95.83 | |
Isoniazid | |||||||||||||
Resistant | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.654 |
Not-resistant | 7 | 100 | 3 | 100 | 4 | 100 | 16 | 100 | 14 | 100 | 24 | 100 | |
Ampicillin | |||||||||||||
Resistant | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 14.29 | 0 | 0 | 0.868 |
Not-resistant | 7 | 100 | 3 | 100 | 4 | 100 | 16 | 100 | 12 | 85.71 | 24 | 100 | |
Chloramphenicol | |||||||||||||
Resistant | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4.17 | – |
Not-resistant | 7 | 100 | 3 | 100 | 4 | 100 | 16 | 100 | 14 | 100 | 23 | 95.83 | |
Ceftriaxone | |||||||||||||
Resistant | 3 | 42.86 | 2 | 66.67 | 2 | 50 | 8 | 50 | 8 | 57.14 | 10 | 41.67 | 0.083 |
Not-resistant | 4 | 57.14 | 1 | 33.33 | 2 | 50 | 8 | 50 | 6 | 42.86 | 14 | 58.33 |
3.7 Identifying the frequency of antibiotic resistance of UTI-causing bacteria based on gender
Antibiotic | Female | Male | P-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | (%) f | n | (%) f | ||
Amikacin | |||||
Resistant | 3 | 8.11 | 6 | 19.35 | 0.173 |
Not-resistant | 34 | 94.89 | 25 | 80.65 | |
Cefixime | |||||
Resistant | 21 | 56.76 | 18 | 58.06 | 0.914 |
Not-resistant | 16 | 43.24 | 13 | 41.94 | |
Ceftazidime | 0.353 | ||||
Resistant | 21 | 56.76 | 21 | 67.74 | |
Not-resistant | 16 | 43.24 | 10 | 32.26 | |
Ceftizoxime | |||||
Resistant | 1 | 2.7 | 0 | 0 | 0.364 |
Not-resistant | 36 | 97.30 | 31 | 100 | |
Nitrofurantoin | |||||
Resistant | 4 | 10.18 | 3 | 9.68 | 0.876 |
Not-resistant | 33 | 89.19 | 28 | 90.32 | |
Ciprofloxacin | |||||
Resistant | 23 | 62.16 | 3 | 9.68 | 0.878 |
Not-resistant | 14 | 37.84 | 28 | 90.32 | |
Gentamicin | |||||
Resistant | 8 | 21.62 | 14 | 45.16 | 0.039 |
Not-resistant | 29 | 78.38 | 17 | 54.74 | |
Cotrimoxazole | |||||
Resistant | 29 | 78.39 | 19 | 61.29 | 0.123 |
Not-resistant | 8 | 21.62 | 12 | 38.71 | |
Nalidixic acid | |||||
Resistant | 27 | 72.97 | 23 | 73.14 | 0.910 |
Not-resistant | 10 | 10.03 | 8 | 25.81 | |
Norfloxacin | |||||
Resistant | 2 | 5.14 | 2 | 6.45 | 0.855 |
Not-resistant | 35 | 94.59 | 29 | 93.55 | |
Cefotaxime | |||||
Resistant | 2 | 5.14 | 1 | 3.25 | 0.663 |
Not-resistant | 35 | 94.59 | 30 | 96.77 | |
Cephalothin | |||||
Resistant | 4 | 10.81 | 7 | 22.58 | 0.189 |
Not-resistant | 33 | 83.19 | 24 | 77.42 | |
Imipenem | |||||
Resistant | 1 | 2.70 | 1 | 3.23 | 0.899 |
Not-resistant | 36 | 96.30 | 30 | 96.77 | |
Vancomycin | |||||
Resistant | 1 | 2.70 | 0 | 0 | 0.356 |
Not-resistant | 36 | 96.30 | 31 | 100 | |
Rifampin | |||||
Resistant | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
Not-resistant | 37 | 100 | 31 | 100 | |
Metronidazole | |||||
Resistant | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
Not-resistant | 37 | 100 | 31 | 100 | |
Tazocin | |||||
Resistant | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - |
Not-resistant | 37 | 100 | 31 | 100 | |
Clindamycin | |||||
Resistant | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
Not-resistant | 37 | 100 | 31 | 100 | |
Cefazolin | |||||
Resistant | 1 | 2.70 | 0 | 0 | 0.356 |
Not-resistant | 36 | 96.30 | 31 | 100 | |
Cefepime | |||||
Resistant | 2 | 5.14 | 0 | 0 | 0.189 |
Not-resistant | 35 | 94.59 | 31 | 100 | |
Isoniazid | |||||
Resistant | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
Not-resistant | 37 | 100 | 31 | 100 | |
Ampicillin | |||||
Resistant | 2 | 5.14 | 0 | 0 | 0.189 |
Not-resistant | 35 | 94.59 | 31 | 100 | |
Chloramphenicol | |||||
Resistant | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3.23 | 0.271 |
Not-resistant | 37 | 100 | 30 | 96.77 | |
Ceftriaxone | |||||
Resistant | 18 | 48.65 | 15 | 48.39 | 0.983 |
Not-resistant | 19 | 51.35 | 15 | 51.61 |