Background
Methods
Aim
Study design
Sample, setting and data collection
Questionnaires
Psychometric testing and data analysis
Results
Demographics of the sample
Characteristics | Total samplea | Test-retest group |
---|---|---|
Biological sex, n (%) | ||
Male | 116 (37) | 9 (24) |
Female | 199 (63) | 28 (76) |
Age in years
| ||
Mean (SD) | 42.1 (12.5) | 46.7 (10.1) |
Range | 21–77 | 28–68 |
Country of birth, n (%)
| ||
Syria | 189 (59) | 16 (43) |
Iraq | 71 (22) | 12 (32) |
Other | 60 (19) | 9 (25) |
Years in Sweden
| ||
Mean (SD) | 9.6 (8.4) | 11.6 (11.2) |
Range | 0–38 | 1–32 |
Highest education level, n (%)
| ||
None | 5 (2) | 1 (3) |
1–6 years | 24 (8) | 3 (8) |
7–9 years | 47 (15) | 5 (14) |
10–12 years | 73 (23) | 8 (22) |
Graduated from university | 169 (53) | 20 (54) |
General self-perceived health, n (%)
| ||
Very poor | 6 (2) | 1 (3) |
Poor | 19 (6) | 0 (0) |
Fair | 80 (25) | 14 (38) |
Good | 135 (42) | 14 (38) |
Very good | 79 (25) | 8 (22) |
Ar-HLS-EU-Q16b, n (%) | ||
Inadequate | 66 (21) | 4 (11) |
Problematic | 130 (41) | 11 (30) |
Sufficient | 124 (39) | 22 (59) |
Mean index score (SD) | 11.2 (3.7) | 12.8 (3.4) |
Range | 0–16 | 2–16 |
Ar-HLS-EU-Q6c, n (%) | ||
Inadequate | 38 (12) | 5 (14) |
Problematic | 217 (68) | 22 (59) |
Sufficient | 63 (20) | 10 (27) |
Mean index score (SD) | 2.7 (0.6) | 2.8 (0.6) |
Range | 1–4 | 1.8–4 |
Ar-eHEALS
d
| ||
Mean sum score (SD) | 28.2 (6.1) | 27.8 (7.0) |
Range | 8–40 | 10–40 |
Item distributional statistics and floor and ceiling effects
Items, n (%) | Very difficult | Difficult | Easy | Very easy | Missing |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
a. Find information on treatments of illnesses that concern you | 27 (8) | 80 (25) | 154 (48) | 56 (18) | 3 (1) |
b. Find out where to get professional help when you are ill | 37 (12) | 125 (39) | 119 (37) | 37 (12) | 2 (1) |
c. Understand what your doctor says to you | 15 (5) | 76 (24) | 140 (44) | 65 (20) | 24 (8) |
d. Understand your doctor’s or pharmacist’s instruction on how to take a prescribed medicine | 10 (3) | 47 (15) | 171 (53) | 92 (29) | 0 (0) |
e. Judge when you may need to get a second opinion from another doctor
|
46 (14)
|
141 (44)
|
105 (33)
|
26 (8)
|
2 (1)
|
f. Use information the doctor gives you to make decisions about your illness
|
18 (6)
|
101 (32)
|
154 (48)
|
42 (13)
|
5 (2)
|
g. Follow instructions from your doctor or pharmacist | 6 (2) | 41 (13) | 197 (62) | 71 (22) | 5 (2) |
h. Find information on how to manage mental health problems like stress or depression
|
40 (13)
|
109 (34)
|
130 (41)
|
31 (10)
|
10 (3)
|
i. Understand health warnings about behaviour such as smoking, low physical activity and drinking too much | 14 (4) | 36 (11) | 159 (50) | 106 (33) | 5 (2) |
j. Understand why you need health screenings | 11 (3) | 44 (14) | 171 (53) | 90 (28) | 4 (1) |
k. Judge if the information on health risks in the media is reliable
|
29 (9)
|
109 (34)
|
129 (40)
|
49 (15)
|
4 (1)
|
l. Decide how you can protect yourself from illness based on information in the media | 13 (4) | 71 (22) | 169 (53) | 62 (19) | 5 (2) |
m. Find out about activities that are good for your mental well-being
|
9 (3)
|
39 (12)
|
188 (59)
|
84 (26)
|
0 (0)
|
n. Understand advice on health from family members or friends | 8 (3) | 34 (11) | 178 (56) | 99 (31) | 1 (0) |
o. Understand information in the media on how to get healthier
|
15 (5)
|
67 (21)
|
171 (53)
|
65 (20)
|
2 (1)
|
p. Judge which everyday behaviour is related to your health | 12 (4) | 47 (15) | 186 (58) | 74 (23) | 1 (0) |
Construct, structural and criterion validity
Variables | 1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | 6. | 7. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Ar-HLS-EU-Q16a | 1,000 | ||||||
2. Ar-HLS-EU-Q6b | 0.838** | 1.000 | |||||
3. Agec | 0.019 | − 0.023 | 1.000 | ||||
4. Educational leveld | 0.262** | 0.180** | − 0.007 | 1.000 | |||
5.Self-percieved healthe | 0.344** | 0.359** | 0.321** | − 0.194** | 1.000 | ||
6. Ar-eHEALS sum scoref | 0.500** | 0.492** | − 0.066 | 0.253** | − 0.299** | 1.000 | |
7. Years in Swedeng | 0.294** | 0.292** | 0.288** | 0.223** | 0.046 | 0.134* | 1.000 |
Item | Factor | Subscales | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | |||
o. Understand information in the media on how to get healthier | 0.791 | Find, understand, and process information in connection to health | |||
n. Understand advice on health from family members or friends | 0.768 | ||||
p. Judge which everyday behaviour is related to your health | 0.745 | ||||
m. Find out about activities that are good for your mental well-being | 0.709 | ||||
L. Decide how you can protect yourself from illness based on information in the media | 0.700 | ||||
i. Understand health warnings about behaviour such as smoking, low physical activity and drinking too much | 0.682 | ||||
k. Judge if the information on health risks in the media is reliable | 0.583 | ||||
g. Follow instructions from your doctor or pharmacist | 0.499 | ||||
j. Understand why you need health screenings | 0.475 | ||||
e. Judge when you may need to get a second opinion from another doctor | 0.858 | Find and process information in connection to health problems | |||
b. Find out where to get professional help when you are ill | 0.831 | ||||
f. Use information the doctor gives you to make decisions about your illness | 0.684 | ||||
a. Find information on treatments of illnesses that concern you | 0.543 | ||||
h. Find information on how to manage mental health problems like stress or depression | 0.501 | ||||
c. Understand what your doctor says to you | -0.817 | Understand information from Healthcare Professionals | |||
d. Understand your doctor’s or pharmacist’s instruction on how to take a prescribed medicine | -0.808 |
Item | Factor |
---|---|
1 | |
h. Find information on how to manage mental health problems like stress or depression | 0.742 |
m. Find out about activities that are good for your mental well-being | 0.721 |
f. Use information the doctor gives you to make decisions about your illness | 0.712 |
O. Understand information in the media on how to get healthier | 0.707 |
k. Judge if the information on health risks in the media is reliable | 0.666 |
e. Judge when you may need to get a second opinion from another doctor | 0.665 |