Introduction
Methods
Data source
Study subjects
Study effectiveness outcomes
Statistical analyses
Before PSM | After PSM | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dulaglutide (n = 1513) | Liraglutide (n = 1512) | SMD | Dulaglutide (n = 983) | Liraglutide (n = 983) | SMD | |
Demographics | ||||||
Age at the index date | 57.6 ± 12.6 | 57.6 ± 13.6 | < 0.01 | 57.0 ± 13.0 | 57.1 ± 13.3 | < 0.01 |
Sex (male) | 47.1% | 50.6% | 0.06 | 48.3% | 47.6% | 0.01 |
Biochemical tests in the year before the index date | ||||||
Weight (kg) | 77.7 ± 18.2 | 77.1 ± 17.1 | 0.02 | 77.8 ± 17.6 | 77.5 ± 16.8 | 0.01 |
SBP (mmHg) | 140.1 ± 20.2 | 139.8 ± 20.6 | 0.01 | 140.7 ± 19.9 | 140.2 ± 20.2 | 0.02 |
DBP (mmHg) | 78.5 ± 12.0 | 77.1 ± 11.9 | 0.10 | 78.8 ± 12.0 | 78.2 ± 12.0 | 0.04 |
HbA1c (%) | 9.3 ± 1.6 | 9.5 ± 1.7 | 0.14 | 9.3 ± 1.6 | 9.3 ± 1.5 | 0.02 |
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 177.9 ± 62.3 | 179.6 ± 69.8 | 0.02 | 179.3 ± 63.2 | 178.6 ± 67.4 | 0.01 |
Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 175.6 ± 45.7 | 174.9 ± 45.3 | < 0.01 | 176.4 ± 46.6 | 175.2 ± 43.1 | 0.02 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 43.9 ± 12.3 | 42.6 ± 11.9 | 0.02 | 43.4 ± 12.7 | 43.6 ± 11.6 | 0.02 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 96.3 ± 32.6 | 95.7 ± 34.0 | 0.08 | 97.1 ± 33.8 | 96.2 ± 32.9 | 0.01 |
Triglycerin (mg/dL) | 207.9 ± 241.5 | 218.9 ± 240.1 | 0.04 | 214.9 ± 272.0 | 213.8 ± 247.5 | < 0.01 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 81.5 ± 36.9 | 79.4 ± 38.3 | 0.06 | 82.4 ± 38.2 | 82.1 ± 35.6 | < 0.01 |
ALT (U/L) | 35.0 ± 29.4 | 34.5 ± 31.8 | 0.01 | 36.1 ± 30.2 | 35.4 ± 32.6 | 0.02 |
Prior comorbidities in the year before the index date | ||||||
aDCSI | 1.8 ± 2.5 | 2.5 ± 2.9 | 0.24 | 2.0 ± 2.6 | 1.9 ± 2.3 | 0.02 |
CCI | 1.8 ± 1.8 | 2.1 ± 2.0 | 0.14 | 1.9 ± 1.8 | 1.8 ± 1.8 | < 0.01 |
Hypertension | 65.0% | 67.1% | 0.04 | 65.3% | 65.8% | 0.01 |
Dyslipidemia | 71.4% | 71.6% | < 0.01 | 71.9% | 72.5% | 0.01 |
Ischemic heart disease | 11.4% | 19.6% | 0.22 | 13.8% | 14.3% | 0.01 |
Heart failure | 3.8% | 6.4% | 0.11 | 4.5% | 3.9% | 0.03 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 6.6% | 8.3% | 0.06 | 6.9% | 8.3% | 0.05 |
Liver disease | 18.7% | 19.2% | 0.01 | 18.4% | 18.4% | < 0.01 |
COPD | 2.3% | 2.1% | < 0.01 | 2.2% | 2.1% | < 0.01 |
CKD | 11.6% | 17.0% | 0.15 | 12.4% | 12.0% | 0.01 |
Cancer | 12.2% | 10.9% | 0.03 | 11.3% | 11.2% | < 0.01 |
Prior exposure of co-medications in the year before the index date | ||||||
ACEI/ARB | 60.2% | 63.6% | 0.07 | 61.3% | 61.1% | < 0.01 |
Calcium channel blockers | 22.2% | 24.8% | 0.06 | 22.0% | 23.9% | 0.04 |
β-blockers | 28.9% | 35.0% | 0.13 | 29.8% | 30.4% | 0.01 |
Diuretics | 15.0% | 18.6% | 0.09 | 14.8% | 15.8% | 0.02 |
Lipid-lowering agents | 76.5% | 76.3% | < 0.01 | 75.8% | 75.6% | < 0.01 |
Nitrates | 8.7% | 15.1% | 0.19 | 10.2% | 10.0% | < 0.01 |
Digoxin | 0.8% | 0.8% | < 0.01 | 0.8% | 0.6% | 0.02 |
Antiplatelet | 31.4% | 36.4% | 0.11 | 32.2% | 32.2% | < 0.01 |
Anticoagulant | 2.0% | 3.2% | 0.07 | 2.3% | 2.3% | < 0.01 |
Antidepressant | 8.4% | 9.6% | 0.04 | 9.1% | 8.7% | 0.01 |
Antipsychotic | 4.2% | 5.8% | 0.06 | 4.8% | 4.5% | 0.01 |
NSAID | 23.1% | 24.3% | 0.02 | 24.2% | 24.5% | < 0.01 |
Concomitant GLAs at the index date | ||||||
Metformin | 81.2% | 67.8% | 0.31 | 78.1% | 78.0% | < 0.01 |
Sulfonylurea | 70.6% | 46.0% | 0.51 | 61.1% | 62.7% | 0.03 |
DPP-4i | 5.5% | 4.5% | 0.04 | 5.1% | 5.1% | < 0.01 |
Thiazolidinedione | 23.5% | 10.8% | 0.34 | 15.0% | 14.8% | < 0.01 |
Alpha glucosidase inhibitors | 18.8% | 8.1% | 0.31 | 12.0% | 11.6% | 0.01 |
Meglitinide | 2.5% | 4.2% | 0.09 | 3.4% | 2.7% | 0.04 |
SGLT-2i | 4.6% | 2.4% | 0.12 | 2.3% | 3.2% | 0.05 |
Medical specialty at the index date | 0.29 | 0.05 | ||||
Metabolism and endocrinology | 81.8% | 83.0% | 83.3% | 83.9% | ||
Cardiology | 3.9% | 9.0% | 4.9% | 5.4% | ||
Family medicine | 1.5% | 1.7% | 1.5% | 1.8% | ||
Other | 12.8% | 6.3% | 10.3% | 8.9% | ||
Hospital level at the index date | 0.16 | 0.02 | ||||
Medical centers | 46.0% | 40.7% | 51.0% | 51.0% | ||
Region hospitals | 48.7% | 55.5% | 31.0% | 30.3% | ||
Local hospitals | 5.3% | 3.8% | 18.0% | 18.7% |
Meta-analysis
Results
Baseline characteristics of study patients
Glycemic control
Dulaglutide (n = 983) | Liraglutide (n = 983) | Dulaglutide versus liraglutide | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline (SD) | Change from baseline (SE) | Baseline (SD) | Change from baseline (SE) | Mean difference (95% CI) | |
Analysis for the change before and after 12 monthsa | |||||
HbA1c (%) | 9.36 (1.66) | − 1.06 (0.05)*** | 9.33 (1.57) | − 0.83 (0.05)*** | − 0.23 (− 0.38 to − 0.08)** |
Weight (kg) | 77.83 (17.69) | − 1.14 (0.30)*** | 77.53 (16.81) | − 1.64 (0.31)*** | 0.49 (− 0.35 to 1.35) |
SBP (mmHg) | 140.71 (19.94) | − 2.47 (0.69)*** | 140.24 (20.24) | − 0.56 (0.72) | − 1.90 (− 3.87 to 0.06) |
ALT (U/L) | 36.10 (30.23) | − 3.08 (0.82)*** | 35.47 (32.66) | − 3.65 (0.91)*** | 0.57 (− 1.84 to 2.98) |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 82.43 (38.21) | − 2.08 (0.69)** | 82.13 (35.69) | − 2.33 (0.62)*** | 0.24 (− 1.58 to 2.07) |
Analysis for repeated changes at every 3 months over 1 yearb | |||||
HbA1c (%) | 9.36 (1.66) | − 1.09 (0.07)*** | 9.33 (1.57) | − 0.78 (0.07)*** | -0.27 (− 0.43 to − 0.12)*** |
Weight (kg) | 77.83 (17.69) | − 1.08 (0.35)** | 77.53 (16.81) | − 1.41 (0.35)*** | 0.82 (− 0.76 to 2.41) |
SBP (mmHg) | 140.71 (19.94) | − 2.36 (0.93)* | 140.24 (20.24) | − 0.31 (0.93) | − 1.55 (− 3.52 to 0.40) |
ALT (U/L) | 36.10 (30.23) | − 3.72 (1.63)* | 35.47 (32.66) | − 3.85 (1.66)* | 0.65 (− 3.01 to 4.31) |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 82.43 (38.21) | − 2.49 (1.06)* | 82.13 (35.69) | − 2.09 (1.05)* | − 0.56 (− 3.99 to 2.85) |