Background
Methods
Dietary intake
Dietary patterns assessed using principal component analysis (PCA)
Dietary patterns assessed using diet quality
Predictors
Statistical analysis
Results
Participant characteristics
Participant characteristics | Men (n = 1005) | Women (n = 1106) | P-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Mean age (SD) years | 60 (3.0) | 60 (3.1) | 0.595 |
Education (%) | |||
No formal qualifications and up to year 10 | 29 | 36 | < 0.001 |
Year 12, trade/apprenticeship or certificate/diploma | 39 | 32 | |
University degree and higher | 32 | 32 | |
Retired (%) | |||
Retired | 33 | 45 | < 0.001 |
Not retired | 67 | 55 | |
Relationship status (%) | |||
Living as married | 85 | 77 | < 0.001 |
Separated, divorced or widowed | 10 | 19 | |
Never married | 5 | 4 | |
Weight loss intentions (%) | |||
Not trying anything for my weight | 48 | 34 | < 0.001 |
Trying to avoid gaining weight | 26 | 32 | |
Trying to lose weight | 26 | 34 | |
BMI category (%) | |||
Healthy (BMI ≥ 18.5 to < 25 kg/m2) | 31 | 46 | < 0.001 |
Overweight (BMI ≥ 25 to < 30 kg/m2) | 47 | 32 | |
Obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) | 22 | 22 | |
Smoking status (%) | |||
Never smoked | 46 | 58 | < 0.001 |
Former smoker | 43 | 34 | |
Current smoker | 11 | 8 | |
Meeting physical activity guidelines (%) | |||
Yes | 52 | 57 | 0.018 |
No | 48 | 43 | |
Diagnosis of CM-related condition (%) | |||
No CM-related conditions | 38 | 44 | 0.013 |
Diagnosed with one or more prior to 2010 | 49 | 45 | |
Newly diagnosed with one or more within 2010–2014 | 13 | 11 |
Dietary patterns
PCA-derived dietary patterns
Men | Women | ||
---|---|---|---|
2010 Factor 1 | 2010 Factor 1 | ||
Eigenvalue | 4.39 | Eigenvalue | 4.19 |
Variance explained | 5.8% | Variance explained | 7.8% |
Vegetable dishes | 0.31 | Other vegetables | 0.34 |
Fish and other seafood | 0.31 | Salad vegetables | 0.34 |
Oil and vinegar salad dressing | 0.31 | Vegetable dishes | 0.29 |
Salad vegetables | 0.28 | Dark green and cruciferous vegetables | 0.29 |
Rice | 0.24 | Fruit | 0.26 |
Legumes or beans | 0.22 | Fish and other seafood | 0.25 |
Cottage or ricotta cheese | 0.22 | Orange vegetables | 0.25 |
Fruit | 0.22 | Legumes or beans | 0.23 |
Poultry | 0.20 | Nuts or seeds | 0.23 |
Potato | −0.21 | ||
2010 Factor 2 | 2010 Factor 2 | ||
Eigenvalue | 2.22 | Eigenvalue | 3.26 |
Variance explained | 5.6% | Variance explained | 6.5% |
Processed or cured meat | 0.29 | Cakes, pastries or other desserts | 0.27 |
Pizza and/or Hamburger | 0.28 | Processed or cured meat | 0.26 |
Red meat | 0.28 | Sweet biscuits | 0.25 |
White bread | 0.25 | Hot chips, roast potato or wedges | 0.23 |
Fried or battered fish | 0.25 | Chocolate or confectionary | 0.23 |
High-joule drinks | 0.23 | High-joule drinks | 0.23 |
Hot chips, roast potato or wedges | 0.20 | Meat pie or sausage rolls | 0.22 |
Muesli or porridge | −0.20 | Potato | 0.21 |
Reduced fat milk | −0.22 |
Men | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2010 | 2012 | 2014 | Mixed-effect MLR | ||
mean (SD)a | β (95% CI) | P-trend | |||
Factor 1 Vegetable dishes, fruit, fish & poultry | 1.46 (0.78) | 1.32 (0.70) | 1.32 (0.73) | −0.07 (− 0.08, − 0.05) | < 0.001 |
Factor 2 Red or processed meat, white bread, fried fish & hot chips | 0.48 (0.54) | 0.43 (0.48) | 0.39 (0.45) | −0.04 (− 0.05, − 0.03) | < 0.001 |
DGI-2013 score | 82.2 (14.2) | 82.9 (14.1) | 83.0 (14.1) | 0.42 (0.16, 0.69) | 0.002 |
Women | |||||
2010 | 2012 | 2014 | Mixed-effect MLR | ||
mean (SD)a | β (95% CI) | P-trend | |||
Factor 1 Vegetables, fruit & fish | 1.54 (0.74) | 1.51 (0.72) | 1.48 (0.70) | −0.03 (−0.04, −0.01) | P < 0.001 |
Factor 2 Cakes, processed meat, hot chips & confectionary | 0.24 (0.22) | 0.22 (0.20) | 0.21 (0.18) | −0.01 (− 0.02, − 0.01) | P < 0.001 |
DGI-2013 score | 90.4 (13.4) | 90.6 (13.1) | 90.6 (13.1) | 0.07 (−0.19, 0.33) | 0.584 |
Diet quality
Predictors of change in dietary patterns
PCA-derived dietary patterns
Factor 1 Vegetable dishes, fruit, fish & poultry | Factor 2 Red or processed meat, white bread, fried fish & hot chips | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1b | Model 2c | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||||||||||||
n | β | 95% CI | P-Value | β | 95% CI | P-Value | β | 95% CI | P-Value | β | 95% CI | P-Value | |||||
Up to year 10 | 239 | Ref. | – | – | – | Ref. | – | – | – | Ref. | – | – | – | Ref. | – | – | – |
Year 12, trade or certificate | 393 | 0.05 | −0.02 | 0.13 | 0.150 | 0.05 | − 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.172 | −0.002 | − 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.952 | −0.001 | − 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.970 |
University degree | 319 | 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.24 | < 0.001 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.22 | 0.001 | −0.04 | −0.11 | 0.02 | 0.195 | −0.04 | −0.11 | 0.03 | 0.277 |
Retired | 329 | 0.03 | −0.04 | 0.10 | 0.401 | 0.03 | −0.05 | 0.10 | 0.495 | −0.006 | −0.05 | 0.04 | 0.790 | 0.02 | −0.06 | 0.11 | 0.600 |
Relationship status | |||||||||||||||||
Living as married | 851 | Ref. | – | – | – | Ref. | – | – | – | Ref. | – | – | – | Ref. | – | – | – |
Separated, divorced or widowed | 99 | −0.01 | − 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.796 | −0.003 | − 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.949 | −0.04 | −0.14 | 0.07 | 0.530 | −0.04 | −0.14 | 0.06 | 0.443 |
Never married | 55 | 0.02 | −0.13 | 0.17 | 0.806 | 0.04 | −0.12 | 0.19 | 0.638 | 0.007 | −0.09 | 0.10 | 0.881 | 0.006 | −0.10 | 0.09 | 0.906 |
Weight loss intentions | |||||||||||||||||
Not trying anything for my weight | 480 | Ref. | – | – | – | Ref. | – | – | – | Ref. | – | – | – | Ref. | – | – | – |
Trying to avoid gaining weight | 265 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.15 | 0.008 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.15 | 0.023 | −0.06 | − 0.12 | − 0.0006 | 0.048 | − 0.05 | − 0.11 | − 0.007 | 0.083 |
Trying to lose weight | 260 | 0.02 | −0.07 | 0.11 | 0.666 | 0.03 | −0.07 | 0.13 | 0.502 | −0.07 | −0.13 | − 0.02 | 0.010 | − 0.07 | −0.13 | − 0.01 | 0.018 |
Smoking status | |||||||||||||||||
Never smoked | 461 | Ref. | – | – | – | Ref. | – | – | – | Ref. | – | – | – | Ref. | – | – | – |
Former smoker | 432 | −0.04 | − 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.112 | − 0.08 | − 0.16 | 0.007 | 0.074 | −0.007 | −0.07 | 0.05 | 0.805 | −0.009 | − 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.775 |
Current smoker | 112 | −0.09 | − 0.21 | 0.03 | 0.154 | −0.10 | − 0.26 | 0.07 | 0.235 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.19 | 0.003 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.20 | 0.004 |
Meeting PA guidelines | 525 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.17 | 0.003 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.16 | 0.008 | −0.02 | −0.06 | 0.03 | 0.477 | − 0.007 | − 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.745 |
Diagnosis of CM-related condition | |||||||||||||||||
No CM-related conditions | 384 | Ref. | – | – | – | Ref. | – | – | – | Ref. | – | – | – | Ref. | – | – | – |
Diagnosed prior to 2010 | 491 | 0.03 | −0.04 | 0.10 | 0.352 | 0.06 | −0.01 | 0.14 | 0.111 | 0.02 | −0.03 | 0.06 | 0.528 | 0.02 | −0.03 | 0.06 | 0.466 |
Newly diagnosed within 2010–2014 | 130 | 0.04 | −0.10 | 0.18 | 0.593 | 0.06 | −0.08 | 0.20 | 0.385 | −0.07 | −0.15 | − 0.01 | 0.101 | − 0.07 | − 0.15 | 0.02 | 0.102 |
Factor 1 Vegetables, fruit, & fish | Factor 2 Cakes, processed meat, hot chips & confectionary | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1b | Model 2c | Model 1b | Model 2 | ||||||||||||||
n | β | 95% CI | P-Value | β | 95% CI | P-Value | β | 95% CI | P-Value | β | 95% CI | P-Value | |||||
Education | |||||||||||||||||
up to year 10 | 400 | Ref. | – | – | – | Ref. | – | – | – | Ref. | – | – | – | Ref. | – | – | – |
Year 12, trade or certificate | 353 | 0.03 | −0.06 | 0.11 | 0.517 | 0.03 | −0.05 | 0.11 | 0.489 | −0.01 | −0.03 | 0.009 | 0.248 | −0.01 | −0.03 | 0.01 | 0.314 |
University degree | 352 | 0.05 | −0.04 | 0.13 | 0.277 | 0.04 | −0.05 | 0.12 | 0.403 | −0.02 | −0.05 | − 0.003 | 0.029 | − 0.02 | −0.04 | 0.001 | 0.065 |
Retired | 499 | − 0.03 | −0.09 | 0.03 | 0.315 | − 0.05 | −0.11 | 0.008 | 0.091 | 0.001 | −0.02 | 0.02 | 0.893 | −0.007 | −0.03 | 0.01 | 0.499 |
Relationship status | |||||||||||||||||
Living as married | 854 | Ref. | – | – | – | Ref. | – | – | – | Ref. | – | – | – | Ref. | – | – | – |
Separated, divorced or widowed | 208 | −0.01 | −0.10 | 0.07 | 0.774 | −0.002 | − 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.968 | −0.04 | −0.04 | 0.01 | 0.289 | −0.02 | −0.04 | 0.006 | 0.126 |
Never married | 43 | − 0.02 | −0.19 | 0.14 | 0.765 | −0.02 | −0.18 | 0.15 | 0.830 | −0.007 | −0.06 | 0.05 | 0.797 | 0.006 | −0.06 | 0.05 | 0.815 |
Weight loss intentions | |||||||||||||||||
Not trying anything for my weight | 480 | Ref. | – | – | – | Ref. | – | – | – | Ref. | – | – | – | Ref. | – | – | – |
Trying to avoid gaining weight | 265 | −0.01 | − 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.788 | −0.02 | − 0.09 | − 0.17 | 0.577 | − 0.01 | − 0.03 | 0.003 | 0.093 | − 0.01 | − 0.03 | 0.005 | 0.185 |
Trying to lose weight | 260 | −0.09 | −0.17 | − 0.02 | 0.017 | − 0.08 | −0.16 | 0.006 | 0.067 | 0.009 | −0.03 | 0.01 | 0.418 | −0.004 | −0.03 | 0.02 | 0.746 |
Smoking status | |||||||||||||||||
Never smoked | 640 | Ref. | – | – | – | Ref. | – | – | – | Ref. | – | – | – | Ref. | – | – | – |
Former smoker | 373 | −0.06 | −0.13 | 0.02 | 0.121 | −0.06 | −0.13 | 0.02 | 0.147 | −0.01 | −0.03 | 0.008 | 0.242 | −0.01 | −0.03 | 0.009 | 0.301 |
Current smoker | 92 | −0.11 | −0.24 | 0.02 | 0.108 | −0.10 | −0.24 | 0.01 | 0.102 | 0.03 | −0.004 | 0.06 | 0.166 | 0.03 | −0.01 | 0.07 | 0.142 |
Meeting PA guidelines | 634 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.13 | 0.019 | 0.06 | −0.0009 | 0.12 | 0.054 | −0.008 | −0.03 | 0.01 | 0.425 | −0.006 | − 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.512 |
Diagnosis of CM-related condition | |||||||||||||||||
No CM-related conditions | 491 | Ref. | – | – | – | Ref. | – | – | – | Ref. | – | – | – | Ref. | – | – | – |
Diagnosed prior to 2010 | 493 | −0.03 | −0.10 | 0.04 | 0.419 | −0.006 | − 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.882 | 0.002 | −0.02 | 0.02 | 0.830 | −0.003 | −0.02 | 0.01 | 0.769 |
Newly diagnosed within 2010–2014 | 121 | −0.10 | − 0.22 | 0.02 | 0.113 | −0.09 | −0.21 | 0.04 | 0.187 | −0.02 | −0.04 | 0.009 | 0.199 | −0.02 | −0.05 | 0.004 | 0.113 |
Diet quality
Men (n = 1005) | Women (n = 1106) | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1b | Model 2c | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||||||||||||
n | β | 95% CIc | P-Value | β | 95% CI | P-Value | n | β | 95% CI | P-Value | β | 95% CI | P-Value | |||||
Education | ||||||||||||||||||
Up to year 10 | 239 | Ref. | – | – | – | Ref. | – | – | – | 400 | Ref. | – | – | – | Ref. | – | – | – |
Year 12, trade/apprenticeship or certificate/diploma | 393 | 0.0 | −1.37 | 1.42 | 0.970 | −0.01 | −1.36 | 1.34 | 0.988 | 353 | 0.45 | −0.99 | 1.90 | 0.535 | 0.42 | − 1.01 | 1.85 | 0.562 |
University degree and higher | 319 | 1.24 | −0.36 | 2.83 | 0.128 | 0.78 | −0.85 | 2.42 | 0.334 | 352 | −0.09 | −1.53 | 1.35 | 0.902 | −0.19 | −1.64 | 1.26 | 0.792 |
Weight loss intentions | ||||||||||||||||||
Not trying anything for my weight | 480 | Ref. | – | – | – | Ref. | – | – | – | 480 | Ref. | – | – | – | Ref. | – | – | – |
Trying to avoid gaining weight | 265 | 1.21 | −0.15 | 2.56 | 0.080 | 0.95 | −0.45 | 3.34 | 0.180 | 265 | 0.97 | −0.39 | 2.34 | 0.160 | 0.87 | −0.53 | 2.27 | 0.221 |
Trying to lose weight | 260 | 0.86 | −0.79 | 2.51 | 0.302 | 0.71 | −1.10 | 2.52 | 0.437 | 260 | −0.09 | − 1.80 | 1.61 | 0.912 | −0.02 | − 1.81 | 1.86 | 0.979 |
Retired | 329 | 0.58 | −0.64 | 1.80 | 0.349 | 0.46 | −0.88 | 1.79 | 0.498 | 499 | 0.17 | −1.16 | 1.50 | 0.800 | 0.25 | −1.19 | 1.68 | 0.732 |
Relationship status | ||||||||||||||||||
Married | 851 | Ref. | – | – | – | Ref. | – | – | – | 854 | Ref. | – | – | – | Ref. | – | – | – |
Separated | 99 | 0.50 | −1.39 | 2.40 | 0.598 | 0.70 | −1.19 | 2.60 | 0.463 | 208 | 0.73 | −0.89 | 2.35 | 0.201 | 1.20 | −0.33 | 2.74 | 0.123 |
Never married | 55 | 0.20 | −2.03 | 2.43 | 0.857 | 0.26 | −2.13 | 2.65 | 0.830 | 43 | 2.81 | −0.49 | 6.10 | 0.094 | 2.86 | −0.33 | 6.04 | 0.078 |
Smoking status | ||||||||||||||||||
Non smoker | 461 | Ref. | – | – | – | Ref. | – | – | – | 640 | Ref. | – | – | – | Ref. | – | – | – |
Use to smoke | 432 | −1.83 | −3.16 | −0.49 | 0.008 | −1.87 | −3.24 | −0.50 | 0.008 | 373 | − 1.86 | −2.91 | −0.74 | 0.001 | − 1.87 | − 2.99 | − 0.75 | 0.001 |
Smoker | 112 | −4.89 | −6.88 | −2.90 | < 0.001 | −4.77 | −6.76 | −2.78 | < 0.001 | 92 | −4.07 | −6.87 | −1.28 | 0.005 | −4.11 | −6.92 | −1.31 | 0.005 |
Meeting PA guidelines | 525 | 0.89 | −0.32 | 2.11 | 0.147 | 0.71 | −0.43 | 1.86 | 0.219 | 634 | 0.47 | −0.86 | 1.80 | 0.486 | 0.32 | −1.04 | 1.67 | 0.645 |
Diagnosis of CM-related condition | ||||||||||||||||||
No CM-related conditions | 384 | Ref. | – | – | – | Ref. | – | – | – | 491 | Ref. | – | – | – | Ref. | – | – | – |
Diagnosed prior to 2010 | 491 | 1.10 | −0.03 | 2.23 | 0.056 | 1.25 | 0.09 | 2.42 | 0.035 | 493 | 0.30 | −1.05 | 1.64 | 0.661 | 0.65 | −0.71 | 2.00 | 0.345 |
Newly diagnosed within 2010–2014 | 130 | 1.51 | −0.48 | 3.50 | 0.135 | 1.70 | −0.20 | 3.61 | 0.079 | 121 | 0.70 | −1.41 | 2.80 | 0.512 | 0.95 | −1.25 | 3.15 | 0.391 |