Background
Materials and methods
Design and setting
Population study
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Clinical conditions such as schizophrenia, depression, chronic or recurrent respiratory conditions, active cancer or neurological disorders;
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Chronic metabolic and cardiovascular diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia that could interfere with sleep disturbance;
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Smoking subjects;
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Sleep disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea–hypopnea syndrome;
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Excessive alcohol use (> 4 cups/day) or excessive caffeine use (> 500 mg/day);
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Pregnancy or lactation.
Power size justification
Data collection and measurements
Anthropometric measurements
Assessment of sleep quality, physical activity, and working modalities
Statistical analysis
Results
Parameters | Participants pre-quarantine mean ± SD or number (%) n = 121 | Participants post-quarantine mean ± SD or number (%) n = 121 | *p value |
---|---|---|---|
Weight (kg) | 88.1 ± 18.9 | 89.9 ± 19.2 | < 0.001 |
Height (m) | 1.64 ± 0.1 | 1.64 ± 0.1 | 0.516 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 32.6 ± 6.0 | 33.3 ± 6.2 | < 0.001 |
Males | 33.5 ± 6.1 | 33.9 ± 5.9 | 0.045 |
Females | 32.1 ± 5.9 | 32.9 ± 6.3 | 0.001 |
Normal-weight (n, %) | 11, 9.1% | 7, 5.8% | χ2 = 0.54, p = 0.462 |
Overweight (n, %) | 31, 25.6% | 30, 24.8% | χ2 = 0.01, p = 1.000 |
Grade I obesity (n, %) | 41, 33.9% | 40, 33.1% | χ2 = 0.01, p = 1.000 |
Grade II obesity (n, %) | 25, 20.7% | 25, 20.7% | χ2 = 0.02, p = 0.874 |
Grade III obesity (n, %) | 13, 10.7% | 19, 15.7% | χ2 = 0.90, p = 0.342 |
Physical activity (yes) | 62, 51.2% | 39, 32.2% | χ2 = 8.23, p = 0.004 |
Parameters of PSQI questionnarie | Participants pre-quarantine mean ± SD n = 121 | Participants post-quarantine mean ± SD n = 121 | *p-value |
---|---|---|---|
Sleep quality | 1.05 ± 0.85 | 1.69 ± 0.83 | < 0.001 |
Sleep onset latency | 1.03 ± 0.98 | 1.61 ± 1.09 | < 0.001 |
Sleep duration | 1.07 ± 1.04 | 1.06 ± 0.97 | 0.902 |
Sleep efficiency | 0.61 ± 0.98 | 0.88 ± 1.07 | 0.003 |
Sleep disturbance | 1.26 ± 0.68 | 1.71 ± 0.77 | < 0.001 |
Hypnotic drugs | 0.31 ± 0.81 | 0.22 ± 0.69 | 0.068 |
Daytime dysfunction | 1.04 ± 0.98 | 1.46 ± 0.96 | < 0.001 |
PSQI global score | 6.37 ± 3.96 | 8.64 ± 3.73 | < 0.001 |
PSQI categories | |||
PSQI < 5 | 60, 49.6% | 23, 19.0% | χ2 = 23.76 |
PSQI ≥ 5 | 61, 50.4% | 98, 81.0% | p < 0.001 |
Parameters | Male participants mean ± SD n = 43 | Female participants mean ± SD n = 78 | |||||||
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Pre quarantine | Post quarantine | Δ% | *p-value | Pre quarantine | Post quarantine | Δ % | *p-value | **p-value Δ% | |
Sleep quality | 0.91 ± 0.94 | 1.49 ± 0.73 | 48.83 ± 58.99 | < 0.001 | 1.13 ± 0.77 | 1.81 ± 0.85 | 47.22 ± 72.49 | < 0.001 | 0.901 |
Sleep onset latency | 0.98 ± 1.06 | 1.58 ± 1.00 | 54.45 ± 76.29 | <0.001 | 1.06 ± 0.94 | 1.63 ± 1.14 | 48.50 ± 90.10 | <0.001 | 0.701 |
Sleep duration | 1.11 ± 1.16 | 1.02 ± 1.10 | 2.33 ± 33.10 | 0.400 | 1.04 ± 0.97 | 1.08 ± 0.89 | 11.75 ± 49.50 | 0.650 | 0.214 |
Sleep efficiency | 0.56 ± 0.96 | 0.72 ± 0.91 | 19.96 ± 43.54 | 0.109 | 0.64 ± 1.00 | 0.97 ± 1.14 | 41.24 ± 94.30 | 0.011 | 0.093 |
Sleep disturbance | 1.11 ± 0.66 | 1.77 ± 0.81 | 40.31 ± 56.84 | < 0.001 | 1.35 ± 0.68 | 1.68 ± 0.75 | 20.94 ± 43.16 | 0.002 | 0.037 |
Hypnotic drugs | 0.21 ± 0.63 | 0.21 ± 0.63 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.999 | 0.36 ± 0.89 | 0.23 ± 0.72 | -2.88 ± 20.13 | 0.068 | 0.350 |
Daytime dysfunction | 0.79 ± 0.89 | 1.51 ± 0.86 | 60.27 ± 67.50 | < 0.001 | 1.18 ± 1.01 | 1.44 ± 1.01 | 35.89 ± 82.98 | 0.084 | 0.083 |
PSQI global score | 5.67 ± 4.31 | 8.30 ± 3.63 | 98.85 ± 103.60 | < 0.001 | 6.76 ± 3.73 | 8.83 ± 3.80 | 62.99 ± 110.75 | < 0.001 | 0.079 |
PSQI categories | |||||||||
PSQI < 5 | 26, 60.5% | 7, 16.3% | χ2 = 15.93 p = 0.001 | 34, 43.6% | 16, 20.5% | χ2 = 8.51 p = 0.004 | χ2 = 28.82 p < 0.001 | ||
PSQI ≥ 5 | 17, 39.5% | 36, 83.7% | 44, 56.4% | 62, 79.5% | |||||
Physical activity | |||||||||
Yes | 23, 53.5% | 11, 25.6% | χ2 = 5.88 p = 0.015 | 39, 50.0% | 28, 35.9% | χ2 = 2.62 p = 0.106 | χ2 = 10.34 p = 0.016 | ||
No | 20, 46.5% | 32, 74.4% | 39, 50.0% | 50, 64.1% |
Parameters | All participants n = 121 | n | Male participants n = 43 | n | Female participants n = 78 | **p-value |
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Smart working | ||||||
Yes | 39, 32.2% | 16 | 151.41 ± 94.33 | 23 | 87.29 ± 115.52 | < 0.001 |
No | 82, 67.8% | 27 | 10.17 ± 35.61 | 55 | 4.92 ± 71.96 | 0.027 |
p-value | *p < 0.001 | *p = 0.002 |