Introduction
Methods
The ROLO longitudinal birth cohort
The ROLO preteen follow-up
Exposure
Outcomes
Anthropometry and body composition
Cardiovascular health
Cardiorespiratory endurance
Cardiometabolic biomarkers
Covariates
Statistical analysis
Results
Maternal and child characteristics in the ROLO longitudinal birth cohort
Total (n = 405) | |||
---|---|---|---|
N | Mean/Median/n | SD/(IQR)/% | |
Maternal characteristics | |||
Age at delivery (years) | 404 | 33.17 | (30.5, 35.47) |
Early pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 401 | 25.46 | (23.3, 27.96) |
HP index | 405 | 7.5 | (1.1, 12.5) |
Gestational weight gain | |||
Inadequate, n (%) | 333 | 52 | 15.6 |
Adequate, n (%) | 333 | 127 | 38.1 |
Excessive, n (%) | 333 | 154 | 46.2 |
Ethnicity (White Irish), n (%) | 405 | 372 | 91.9 |
Smoking in pregnancy, n (%) | 405 | 12 | 3.2 |
RCT group (intervention), n (%) | 405 | 203 | 50.1 |
Infant characteristics | |||
Child sex (male), n (%) | 405 | 203 | 50.1 |
Birthweight (kg) | 405 | 4.03 | 0.46 |
Birthweight centile | 404 | 86.32 | (72.24, 95.68) |
Gestational age at delivery (days) | 404 | 283.0 | (277.0, 288.0) |
Birthweight ≥ 4 kg, n (%) | 405 | 208 | 51.4 |
Birthweight ≥ 4.5 kg, n (%) | 405 | 65 | 16.0 |
Birthweight ≥ 90th centile, n (%) | 404 | 159 | 39.4 |
Breastfeeding exposure and duration | |||
Never breastfed, n (%) | 360 | 133 | 36.9 |
Breastfed < 2 months, n (%) | 360 | 46 | 12.8 |
Breastfed ≥ 2 and < 4 months, n (%) | 360 | 39 | 10.8 |
Breastfed ≥ 4 months, n (%) | 360 | 142 | 39.4 |
Preteen characteristics | |||
Age at follow-up (years) | 405 | 9.83 | (9.24, 10.27) |
Pubic hair distribution (Tanner stage I), n (%) | 320 | 283 | 88.4 |
Breast development (Tanner stage I), n (%) | 163 | 128 | 78.5 |
Physical activity level (PAQ-C score) | 370 | 2.48 | 0.66 |
Anthropometry and body composition at the 9–11 year follow-up
Total (n = 405) | |||
---|---|---|---|
N | Mean/Median/n | SD/(IQR)/% | |
Anthropometry and body composition | |||
Weight (kg) | 405 | 33.8 | (30.4, 39.9) |
Weight z-score | 405 | 0.55 | 0.98 |
Height (cm) | 405 | 140.1 | (135.5, 146.3) |
Height z-score | 405 | 0.52 | 0.96 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 405 | 17.3 | (15.85, 19.55) |
BMI z-score | 405 | 0.41 | 1.08 |
Overweight, n (%) | 405 | 86 | 21.2 |
Obesity, n (%) | 405 | 33 | 8.1 |
MUAC (cm) | 401 | 21.0 | (19.1, 23.2) |
WC (cm) | 405 | 62.3 | (58.7, 68.0) |
Sum of skinfolds (mm) | 366 | 28.28 | (21.58, 36.84) |
Subscapular/triceps ratio | 375 | 0.59 | (0.49, 0.72) |
Lean mass (kg) | 348 | 24.14 | (22.02, 26.91) |
Body fat (%) | 348 | 26.3 | (20.9, 31.97) |
Cardiovascular health and cardiorespiratory endurance | |||
SBP (mmHg) | 380 | 111.0 | (104.0, 117.0) |
SBP percentile | 380 | 88.0 | (68.0, 96.0) |
DBP (mmHg) | 380 | 67.0 | (61.75, 72.0) |
DBP percentile | 380 | 73.5 | (53.0, 87.0) |
Resting heart rate (bpm) | 377 | 79.07 | 12.66 |
20-M SRT score | 378 | 3.55 | (3.1, 4.52) |
Cardiometabolic biomarkers | |||
HOMA-IR | 210 | 2.46 | (1.38, 5.11) |
TC (mmol/L) | 212 | 4.15 | 0.69 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 213 | 0.88 | (0.69, 1.29) |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 212 | 2.41 | 0.55 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 213 | 1.24 | (0.96, 1.5) |
C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 202 | 0.25 | (0.12, 0.46) |
C3 complement (g/L) | 213 | 1.39 | (1.23, 1.57) |
ICAM-1 (ng/mL) | 163 | 357.24 | (297.6, 419.04) |
TNF-α (pg/mL) | 163 | 8.64 | 2.71 |
GDF-15 (ng/mL) | 163 | 0.29 | (0.24, 0.35) |
sCD163 (ng/mL) | 163 | 429.53 | (338.42, 554.93) |
Leptin (ng/mL) | 162 | 4.53 | (1.72, 8.81) |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 162 | 0.74 | (0.49, 1.09) |
IL-17A (pg/mL) | 163 | 1.27 | (0.84, 2.13) |
Birthweight ≥ 4 kg | Birthweight < 4 kg | p | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Mean/Median/n | SD/(IQR)/% | N | Mean/Median/n | SD/(IQR)/% | ||
Anthropometry and body composition | |||||||
Weight (kg) | 208 | 34.4 | (30.45, 40.15) | 197 | 33.6 | (30.3, 39.6) | 0.598 |
Weight z-score | 208 | 0.63 | 0.94 | 197 | 0.45 | 1.01 | 0.064 |
Height (cm) | 208 | 141.06 | 7.37 | 197 | 140.98 | 7.98 | 0.911 |
Height z-score | 208 | 0.61 | 0.91 | 197 | 0.43 | 1.33 | 0.059 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 208 | 17.38 | (16.03, 19.48) | 197 | 17.14 | (15.62, 19.66) | 0.409 |
BMI z-score | 208 | 0.48 | 1.03 | 197 | 0.34 | 1.13 | 0.169 |
Overweight, n (%) | 208 | 51 | 24.5 | 197 | 35 | 17.8 | 0.141 |
Obesity, n (%) | 208 | 14 | 6.7 | 197 | 19 | 9.6 | |
MUAC (cm) | 206 | 21.0 | (19.1, 23.0) | 196 | 21.0 | (19.2, 23.6) | 0.977 |
WC (cm) | 208 | 62.35 | (58.42, 67.42) | 197 | 62.0 | (58.8, 68.05) | 0.752 |
Sum of skinfolds (mm) | 192 | 27.06 | (21.2, 36.5) | 188 | 29.5 | (22.3, 37.83) | 0.167a |
Subscapular/triceps ratio | 189 | 0.58 | (0.48, 0.7) | 186 | 0.6 | (0.51, 0.74) | 0.098 |
Lean mass (kg) | 178 | 24.4 | (22.3, 27.14) | 170 | 23.77 | (21.87, 26.38) | 0.063 |
Body fat (%) | 178 | 25.3 | (20.42, 31.9) | 170 | 26.5 | (21.8, 32.1) | 0.218a |
Cardiovascular health and cardiorespiratory endurance | |||||||
SBP percentile | 194 | 86.5 | (70.25, 96.0) | 186 | 89.5 | (66.75, 96.0) | 0.747 |
DBP percentile | 194 | 73.0 | (50.0, 86.0) | 186 | 74.0 | (55.0, 88.0) | 0.380 |
Resting heart rate (bpm) | 192 | 79.42 | 12.25 | 185 | 78.7 | 13.1 | 0.579 |
20-M SRT score | 193 | 3.7 | (3.1, 5.05) | 185 | 3.5 | (3.1, 4.4) | 0.165 |
Cardiometabolic biomarkers | |||||||
HOMA-IR | 104 | 2.23 | (1.18, 5.06) | 106 | 2.63 | (1.55, 5.15) | 0.169a |
TC (mmol/L) | 104 | 4.09 | 0.72 | 108 | 4.22 | 0.66 | 0.171 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 105 | 0.83 | (0.67, 1.16) | 108 | 0.91 | (0.69, 1.49) | 0.243 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 104 | 2.39 | 0.59 | 108 | 2.42 | 0.53 | 0.723 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 105 | 1.22 | 0.38 | 108 | 1.26 | 0.37 | 0.426 |
C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 98 | 0.23 | (0.11, 0.42) | 104 | 0.26 | (0.13, 0.54) | 0.335a |
C3 complement (g/L) | 105 | 1.38 | (1.22, 1.52) | 108 | 1.4 | (1.26, 1.6) | 0.043a |
ICAM-1 (ng/mL) | 79 | 345.39 | (290.34, 394.91) | 84 | 387.44 | (312.91, 441.83) | 0.040a |
TNF-α (pg/mL) | 79 | 8.37 | 2.75 | 84 | 8.9 | 2.67 | 0.220 |
GDF-15 (ng/mL) | 79 | 0.29 | (0.24, 0.33) | 84 | 0.3 | (0.25, 0.38) | 0.214 |
sCD163 (ng/mL) | 79 | 398.61 | (332.86, 510.87) | 84 | 452.41 | (340.26, 574.09) | 0.143a |
Leptin (ng/mL) | 79 | 4.38 | (1.58, 9.03) | 83 | 4.86 | (1.76, 8.52) | 0.672a |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 78 | 0.7 | (0.46, 1.11) | 84 | 0.76 | (0.51, 1.05) | 0.315a |
IL-17A (pg/mL) | 79 | 1.18 | (0.83, 1.84) | 84 | 1.32 | (0.94, 2.2) | 0.177 |
Birthweight ≥ 4.5 kg | Birthweight < 4.5 kg | p | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Mean/Median/n | SD/(IQR)/% | N | Mean/Median/n | SD/(IQR)/% | ||
Anthropometry and body composition | |||||||
Weight (kg) | 65 | 35.6 | (31.6, 40.5) | 340 | 33.8 | (30.0, 39.75) | 0.111 |
Weight z-score | 65 | 0.88 | 0.88 | 340 | 0.48 | 0.99 | 0.003 |
Height (cm) | 65 | 142.05 | 6.82 | 340 | 140.82 | 7.81 | 0.237 |
Height z-score | 65 | 0.81 | 0.86 | 340 | 0.46 | 0.96 | 0.007 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 65 | 17.86 | (16.36, 19.43) | 340 | 17.12 | (15.69, 19.64) | 0.068 |
BMI z-score | 65 | 0.71 | 0.99 | 340 | 0.36 | 1.09 | 0.016 |
Overweight, n (%) | 65 | 18 | 27.7 | 340 | 68 | 20.0 | 0.464 |
Obesity, n (%) | 65 | 6 | 9.2 | 340 | 27 | 7.9 | |
MUAC (cm) | 65 | 21.1 | (19.55, 23.5) | 336 | 21.0 | (19.1, 23.2) | 0.447 |
WC (cm) | 65 | 63.2 | (59.7, 68.1) | 340 | 62.0 | (58.25, 68.0) | 0.159 |
Sum of skinfolds (mm) | 60 | 26.53 | (21.51, 37.48) | 306 | 28.43 | (21.58, 36.48) | 0.808 |
Subscapular/triceps ratio | 61 | 0.58 | (0.46, 0.69) | 314 | 0.59 | (0.5, 0.72) | 0.157 |
Lean mass (kg) | 57 | 24.76 | (23.28, 28.51) | 291 | 23.87 | (21.9, 26.79) | 0.021 |
Body fat (%) | 57 | 25.3 | (20.35, 31.85) | 291 | 26.4 | (20.9, 32.1) | 0.604 |
Cardiovascular health and cardiorespiratory endurance | |||||||
SBP percentile | 60 | 86.0 | (72.25, 95.75) | 320 | 88.5 | (67.0, 96.0) | 0.723 |
DBP percentile | 60 | 64.5 | (46.25, 81.75) | 320 | 74.0 | (54.0, 88.0) | 0.038 |
Resting heart rate (bpm) | 60 | 78.45 | 13.23 | 317 | 79.18 | 12.57 | 0.682 |
20-M SRT score | 61 | 3.8 | (3.1, 5.15) | 317 | 3.5 | (3.1, 4.5) | 0.333 |
Cardiometabolic biomarkers | |||||||
HOMA-IR | 35 | 2.48 | (1.56, 6.07) | 175 | 2.45 | (1.36, 4.6) | 0.413a |
TC (mmol/L) | 35 | 4.03 | 0.65 | 177 | 4.18 | 0.7 | 0.264 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 36 | 0.92 | (0.68, 1.58) | 177 | 0.88 | (0.69, 1.24) | 0.352 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 35 | 2.26 | 0.53 | 177 | 2.44 | 0.56 | 0.082 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 36 | 1.21 | 0.39 | 177 | 1.25 | 0.37 | 0.623 |
C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 35 | 0.22 | (0.11, 0.42) | 167 | 0.25 | (0.13, 0.49) | 0.779a |
C3 complement (g/L) | 36 | 1.38 | (1.2, 1.56) | 177 | 1.39 | (1.24, 1.58) | 0.486a |
ICAM-1 (ng/mL) | 22 | 322.19 | (291.97, 390.87) | 141 | 358.2 | (300.91, 426.82) | 0.106 |
TNF-α (pg/mL) | 22 | 8.53 | 2.09 | 141 | 8.66 | 2.81 | 0.842 |
GDF-15 (ng/mL) | 22 | 0.29 | (0.23, 0.33) | 141 | 0.29 | (0.25, 0.35) | 0.436 |
sCD163 (ng/mL) | 22 | 394.95 | (344.01, 544.07) | 141 | 430.66 | (335.64, 556.24) | 0.720a |
Leptin (ng/mL) | 22 | 2.52 | (1.53, 10.38) | 140 | 4.9 | (1.76, 8.73) | 0.625 |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 21 | 0.62 | (0.44, 1.14) | 141 | 0.75 | (0.5, 1.07) | 0.278a |
IL-17A (pg/mL) | 22 | 1.01 | (0.76, 1.78) | 141 | 1.3 | (0.87, 2.13) | 0.254 |
Cardiovascular health and cardiorespiratory endurance at the 9–11 year follow-up
Cardiometabolic biomarkers at the 9–11 year follow-up
Regression between macrosomia and cardiometabolic outcomes at the 9–11 year follow-up
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | 95% CI | R2 adj | p | B | 95% CI | R2 adj | p | B | 95% CI | R2 adj | p | |
Models for birthweight ≥ 4 kg | ||||||||||||
Weight (kg) | 0.099 | (1.871, 2.069) | − 0.003 | 0.921 | 0.931 | (− 0.791, 2.653) | 0.292 | 0.288 | 0.732 | (− 0.999, 2.463) | 0.295 | 0.406 |
Weight z-score | 0.181 | (− 0.044, 0.407) | 0.005 | 0.115 | 0.155 | (− 0.069, 0.380) | 0.090 | 0.175 | 0.128 | (− 0.098, 0.353) | 0.095 | 0.266 |
Height (cm) | 0.086 | (− 1.676, 1.847) | − 0.003 | 0.924 | 1.135 | (− 0.297, 2.566) | 0.388 | 0.120 | 1.033 | (− 0.412, 2.478) | 0.385 | 0.161 |
Height z-score | 0.180 | (− 0.039, 0.400) | 0.005 | 0.107 | 0.176 | (− 0.051, 0.404) | 0.017 | 0.128 | 0.162 | (− 0.067, 0.392) | 0.011 | 0.166 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.040 | (− 0.614, 0.695) | − 0.003 | 0.904 | 0.178 | (− 0.441, 0.797) | 0.172 | 0.572 | 0.104 | (− 0.517, 0.726) | 0.176 | 0.742 |
BMI z-score | 0.148 | (− 0.100, 0.396) | 0.001 | 0.241 | 0.111 | (− 0.133, 0.355) | 0.110 | 0.371 | 0.080 | (− 0.165, 0.324) | 0.117 | 0.520 |
MUAC (cm) | − 0.033 | (− 0.725, 0.659) | − 0.003 | 0.925 | 0.223 | (− 0.427, 0.873) | 0.183 | 0.500 | 0.148 | (− 0.505, 0.800) | 0.187 | 0.657 |
WC (cm) | − 0.664 | (− 2.646, 1.317) | − 0.002 | 0.510 | − 0.303 | (− 2.162, 1.556) | 0.186 | 0.748 | − 0.550 | (− 2.413, 1.313) | 0.193 | 0.562 |
Sum of skinfolds (mm) | − 1.754 | (− 4.799, 1.291) | 0.001 | 0.258 | − 0.283 | (− 3.176, 2.610) | 0.168 | 0.847 | − 0.807 | (− 3.683, 2.069) | 0.189 | 0.581 |
Subscapular/triceps ratio | − 0.040 | (− 0.088, 0.008) | 0.006 | 0.098 | − 0.040 | (− 0.089, 0.009) | 0.051 | 0.107 | − 0.043 | (− 0.093, 0.006) | 0.046 | 0.084 |
Lean mass (kg) | 0.504 | (− 0.450, 1.459) | 0.000 | 0.299 | 0.699 | (− 0.095, 1.492) | 0.362 | 0.084 | 0.642 | (− 0.158, 1.442) | 0.360 | 0.115 |
Body fat (%) | − 0.915 | (− 2.641, 0.811) | 0.000 | 0.298 | 0.105 | (− 1.509, 1.719) | 0.193 | 0.899 | − 0.265 | (− 1.855, 1.324) | 0.228 | 0.743 |
Models for birthweight ≥ 4.5 kg | ||||||||||||
Weight (kg) | 1.628 | (− 1.049, 4.304) | 0.001 | 0.232 | 2.236 | (− 0.125, 4.597) | 0.298 | 0.063 | 2.163 | (− 0.196, 4.522) | 0.301 | 0.072 |
Weight z-score | 0.397 | (0.092, 0.703) | 0.019 | 0.011 | 0.338 | (0.030, 0.646) | 0.098 | 0.032 | 0.325 | (0.018, 0.633) | 0.105 | 0.038 |
Height (cm) | 1.228 | (− 1.166, 3.623) | 0.000 | 0.313 | 2.586 | (0.630, 4.542) | 0.397 | 0.010 | 2.552 | (0.589, 4.516) | 0.395 | 0.011 |
Height z-score | 0.351 | (0.053, 0.649) | 0.015 | 0.021 | 0.395 | (0.085, 0.706) | 0.031 | 0.013 | 0.391 | (0.079, 0.703) | 0.026 | 0.014 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.501 | (− 0.388, 1.391) | 0.001 | 0.268 | 0.462 | (− 0.389, 1.313) | 0.175 | 0.286 | 0.432 | (− 0.418, 1.282) | 0.178 | 0.318 |
BMI z-score | 0.353 | (0.016, 0.689) | 0.011 | 0.040 | 0.230 | (− 0.105, 0.565) | 0.114 | 0.178 | 0.215 | (− 0.119, 0.549) | 0.121 | 0.207 |
MUAC (cm) | 0.320 | (− 0.622, 1.261) | − 0.002 | 0.505 | 0.393 | (− 0.501, 1.287) | 0.183 | 0.388 | 0.355 | (− 0.538, 1.248) | 0.188 | 0.435 |
WC (cm) | 0.757 | (− 1.942, 3.455) | − 0.002 | 0.581 | 0.738 | (− 1.820, 3.297) | 0.186 | 0.570 | 0.628 | (− 1.923, 3.180) | 0.193 | 0.628 |
Sum of skinfolds (mm) | 0.297 | (− 3.858, 4.453) | − 0.003 | 0.888 | 1.613 | (− 2.365, 5.592) | 0.170 | 0.425 | 1.402 | (− 2.535, 5.338) | 0.189 | 0.484 |
Subscapular/triceps ratio | − 0.040 | (− 0.105, 0.025) | 0.002 | 0.229 | − 0.053 | (− 0.120, 0.015) | 0.050 | 0.124 | − 0.053 | (− 0.121, 0.014) | 0.044 | 0.120 |
Lean mass (kg) | 1.216 | (− 0.078, 2.510) | 0.008 | 0.065 | 1.354 | (0.267, 2.441) | 0.369 | 0.015 | 1.353 | (0.264, 2.442) | 0.368 | 0.015 |
Body fat (%) | − 0.296 | (− 2.650, 2.059) | − 0.003 | 0.805 | 0.253 | (− 1.969, 2.474) | 0.193 | 0.823 | 0.132 | (− 2.044, 2.308) | 0.228 | 0.905 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | 95% CI | R2 adj | p | B | 95% CI | R2 adj | p | B | 95% CI | R2 adj | p | |
Models for birthweight ≥ 4 kg | ||||||||||||
SBP percentile | 0.939 | (− 4.336, 6.214) | − 0.003 | 0.726 | 0.746 | (− 4.793, 6.284) | − 0.020 | 0.791 | 0.238 | (− 5.303, 5.779) | − 0.007 | 0.933 |
DBP percentile | − 1.658 | (− 7.059, 3.742) | − 0.002 | 0.546 | − 0.834 | (− 6.487, 4.819) | − 0.013 | 0.772 | − 1.231 | (− 6.929, 4.466) | − 0.015 | 0.671 |
Resting heart rate (bpm) | 0.725 | (− 2.184, 3.634) | − 0.003 | 0.624 | 1.520 | (− 1.511, 4.550) | − 0.004 | 0.324 | 1.681 | (− 1.363, 4.725) | 0.001 | 0.278 |
20-M SRT score | 0.171 | (− 0.137, 0.478) | 0.001 | 0.275 | 0.170 | (− 0.136, 0.477) | 0.085 | 0.274 | 0.203 | (− 0.090, 0.497) | 0.171 | 0.174 |
HOMA-IR | − 0.199 | (− 0.984, 0.585) | − 0.004 | 0.617 | − 0.313 | (− 1.117, 0.491) | 0.028 | 0.443 | − 0.356 | (− 1.150, 0.437) | 0.067 | 0.376 |
TC (mmol/L) | − 0.131 | (− 0.339, 0.077) | 0.003 | 0.214 | − 0.115 | (− 0.333, 0.103) | − 0.010 | 0.297 | − 0.128 | (− 0.346, 0.091) | − 0.002 | 0.250 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | − 0.146 | (− 0.332, 0.040) | 0.008 | 0.123 | − 0.145 | (− 0.339, 0.050) | 0.001 | 0.143 | − 0.150 | (− 0.343, 0.043) | 0.031 | 0.126 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | − 0.027 | (− 0.195, 0.140) | − 0.005 | 0.748 | − 0.024 | (− 0.199, 0.152) | − 0.017 | 0.791 | − 0.034 | (− 0.210, 0.143) | − 0.011 | 0.705 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | − 0.042 | (− 0.155, 0.072) | − 0.003 | 0.470 | − 0.029 | (− 0.147, 0.089) | − 0.004 | 0.631 | − 0.029 | (− 0.147, 0.089) | 0.007 | 0.630 |
C-reactive protein (mg/L) | − 0.097 | (− 0.468, 0.274) | − 0.004 | 0.607 | − 0.062 | (− 0.455, 0.331) | − 0.037 | 0.757 | − 0.071 | (− 0.453, 0.312) | 0.030 | 0.716 |
C3 complement (g/L) | − 0.070 | (− 0.145, 0.005) | 0.014 | 0.065 | − 0.080 | (− 0.156, − 0.005) | 0.072 | 0.037 | − 0.095 | (− 0.162, − 0.029) | 0.291 | 0.005 |
ICAM-1 (pg/mL)a | − 0.044 | (− 0.091, 0.002) | 0.019 | 0.062 | − 0.042 | (− 0.090, 0.007) | 0.021 | 0.093 | − 0.042 | (− 0.091, 0.008) | 0.008 | 0.097 |
TNF-α (pg/mL) | − 0.525 | (− 1.453, 0.402) | 0.002 | 0.265 | − 0.624 | (− 1.580, 0.333) | 0.022 | 0.199 | − 0.716 | (− 1.670, 0.238) | 0.041 | 0.140 |
GDF-15 (pg/mL)a | − 0.041 | (− 0.091, 0.009) | 0.012 | 0.105 | − 0.032 | (− 0.085, 0.021) | − 0.039 | 0.237 | − 0.035 | (− 0.089, 0.019) | − 0.054 | 0.196 |
sCD163 (pg/mL)a | − 0.037 | (− 0.091, − 0.018) | 0.006 | 0.183 | − 0.041 | (− 0.096, 0.013) | 0.068 | 0.137 | − 0.041 | (− 0.096, 0.014) | 0.080 | 0.143 |
Leptin (pg/mL)a | − 0.030 | (− 0.186, 0.125) | − 0.006 | 0.701 | 0.005 | (− 0.144, 0.155) | 0.140 | 0.944 | − 0.017 | (− 0.123, 0.089) | 0.573 | 0.751 |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | − 0.013 | (− 0.309, 0.283) | − 0.008 | 0.931 | 0.058 | (− 0.238, 0.354) | 0.071 | 0.699 | 0.049 | (− 0.247, 0.346) | 0.079 | 0.743 |
IL-17A (pg/mL) | − 0.239 | (− 0.609, 0.132) | 0.005 | 0.205 | − 0.293 | (− 0.665, 0.079) | 0.072 | 0.122 | − 0.270 | (− 0.648, 0.107) | 0.061 | 0.158 |
Models for birthweight ≥ 4.5 kg | ||||||||||||
SBP percentile | 2.585 | (− 4.593, 9.763) | − 0.002 | 0.479 | 2.443 | (− 5.177, 10.063) | − 0.019 | 0.529 | 1.678 | (− 5.919, 9.274) | − 0.007 | 0.664 |
DBP percentile | − 6.124 | (13.449, 1.200) | 0.006 | 0.101 | − 5.878 | (13.631, 1.875) | − 0.006 | 0.137 | − 6.463 | (− 14.242, 1.315) | − 0.006 | 0.103 |
Resting heart rate (bpm) | − 0.731 | (− 4.693, 3.231) | − 0.003 | 0.717 | 0.787 | (− 3.391, 4.965) | − 0.007 | 0.711 | 0.578 | (− 3.604, 4.761) | − 0.003 | 0.786 |
20-M SRT score | 0.213 | (− 0.206, 0.631) | 0.000 | 0.318 | 0.326 | (− 0.095, 0.747) | 0.089 | 0.128 | 0.407 | (0.006, 0.808) | 0.177 | 0.047 |
HOMA-IR | 0.560 | (− 0.506, 1.626) | 0.000 | 0.301 | 0.440 | (− 0.667, 1.546) | 0.028 | 0.434 | 0.338 | (− 0.751, 1.428) | 0.064 | 0.541 |
TC (mmol/L) | − 0.146 | (− 0.430, 0.137) | 0.000 | 0.311 | − 0.058 | (− 0.359, 0.243) | − 0.016 | 0.703 | − 0.069 | (− 0.369, 0.232) | − 0.009 | 0.652 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.123 | (− 0.131, 0.377) | 0.000 | 0.340 | 0.144 | (− 0.124, 0.412) | − 0.005 | 0.290 | 0.125 | (− 0.140, 0.390) | 0.022 | 0.354 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | − 0.183 | (− 0.410, 0.044) | 0.009 | 0.114 | − 0.143 | (− 0.384, 0.098) | − 0.009 | 0.244 | − 0.149 | (− 0.390, 0.092) | − 0.002 | 0.225 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | − 0.035 | (− 0.190, 0.120) | − 0.005 | 0.655 | 0.004 | (− 0.59, 0.167) | − 0.006 | 0.964 | 0.008 | (− 0.154, 0.170) | 0.006 | 0.923 |
C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 0.001 | (− 0.505, 0.507) | − 0.006 | 0.996 | − 0.005 | (− 0.546, 0.536) | − 0.038 | 0.986 | − 0.073 | (− 0.598, 0.452) | 0.029 | 0.785 |
C3 complement (g/L) | − 0.030 | (− 0.133, 0.072) | − 0.004 | 0.560 | − 0.051 | (− 0.156, 0.054) | 0.053 | 0.340 | − 0.074 | (− 0.166, 0.019) | 0.266 | 0.118 |
ICAM-1 (pg/mL)a | − 0.038 | (− 0.102, 0.026) | 0.003 | 0.240 | − 0.046 | (− 0.114, 0.021) | 0.013 | 0.174 | − 0.049 | (− 0.116, 0.019) | 0.001 | 0.159 |
TNF-α (pg/mL) | − 0.116 | (− 1.386, 1.153) | − 0.007 | 0.856 | − 0.098 | (− 1.424, 1.228) | 0.009 | 0.884 | − 0.207 | (− 1.527, 1.113) | 0.024 | 0.757 |
GDF-15 (pg/mL)a | − 0.020 | (− 0.088, 0.048) | − 0.005 | 0.565 | − 0.004 | (− 0.077, 0.070) | − 0.051 | 0.918 | − 0.005 | (− 0.080, 0.069) | − 0.068 | 0.891 |
sCD163 (pg/mL)a | − 0.012 | (− 0.087, 0.062) | − 0.007 | 0.744 | − 0.033 | (− 0.109, 0.043) | 0.057 | 0.388 | − 0.035 | (− 0.111, 0.040) | 0.070 | 0.358 |
Leptin (pg/mL)a | − 0.019 | (− 0.230, 0.193) | − 0.007 | 0.862 | − 0.036 | (− 0.242, 0.170) | 0.141 | 0.731 | − 0.089 | (− 0.234, 0.056) | 0.578 | 0.226 |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | − 0.134 | (− 0.536, 0.268) | − 0.004 | 0.510 | − 0.105 | (− 0.512, 0.302) | 0.072 | 0.610 | − 0.136 | (− 0.542, 0.270) | 0.082 | 0.508 |
IL-17A (pg/mL) | − 0.152 | (− 0.658, 0.355) | − 0.005 | 0.555 | − 0.191 | (− 0.708, 0.325) | 0.057 | 0.465 | − 0.188 | (− 0.709, 0.332) | 0.049 | 0.475 |