Background
Methods
Study setting and design
Data collection
Data handling and statistical analysis
Results
Prevalence and type of antibiotic use
Department | Patients on antibiotics | Antibiotic prescriptions | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % prevalence [95% CI] | Parenteral | Oral | Total | % prevalence [95% CI] | |
Obstetrics (n = 214) | 77 | 36.0 [29.5-42.8] | 46 (33.8) | 90 (66.2) | 136 | 16.5[13.8-19.5] |
Child Health (n = 111) | 77 | 69.4 [59.9-77.8] | 120 (85.1) | 21(14.9) | 141 | 22.5[19.5-25.9] |
Medicine (n = 106) | 53 | 50.0 [40.1-59.9] | 65 (64.4) | 36 (35.6) | 101 | 16.5[13.8-19.5] |
Orthopaedics (n = 84) | 48 | 57.1 [45.9-67.9] | 26 (35.6) | 47 (64..4) | 73 | 13.3[10.4-16.2 |
General Surgery (n = 55) | 33 | 56.9 [43.2-69.8] | 28 (58.9) | 24 (46.2) | 52 | 8.6[8.7-11.4] |
Paediatric Surgery (n = 22) | 20 | 90.9 [70.8-98.9] | 32 (84.2) | 6 (15.8) | 38 | 5.8[4.2-8.6] |
Gynaecology (n = 38) | 17 | 44.7 [28.6-61.7] | 17 (53.7) | 13(43.3) | 30 | 4.5[3.1-6.4] |
Neuro-surgery (n = 23) | 12 | 52.2 [30.6-73.2] | 21 (87.5) | 3 (12.5) | 24 | 3.6[2.4-53.8] |
Urology (n = 24) | 11 | 45.8 [29.8-74.3] | 11 (68.8) | 5 (31.2) | 16 | 2.3[1.4-3.8] |
All departments (n-677) | 348 | 51.4 [47.6-55.2] | 366 (59.9)b | 245(40.1)a | 611 |
Drug name (generic) | Department/Unit | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Child Health | Medicine | Obstetrics | Gynaecology | Orthopaedics | General Surgery | Neuro-surgery | Urology | Paediatric Surgery | |
n, % | n, %1 | n, % | n, % | n, % | n, % | n, %1 | n, %1 | n, %1 | ||
Metronidazole | 107 (17.5) | 4 (2.8) | 13 (12.9) | 54 (39.7) | 9 (30.0) | 3(4.1) | 9 (17.3) | 4 (16.7) | 2 (12.5) | 9 (23.7) |
Amoxicillin- clavulanic acid | 82 (13.4) | 1 (0.7) | 7 (6.9) | 48 (35.3) | 8 (26.7) | 1 (1.4) | 12 (23.1) | 2 (8.3) | 1 (6.3) | 2 (5.3) |
Ceftriaxone | 74 (12.1) | 20 (14.2) | 27 (26.7) | 4 (2.9) | 4 (13.3) | 1 (1.4) | 2 (3.9) | 7 (29.2) | 1 (6.3) | 8 (21.1) |
Cefuroxime | 61 (10.0) | 6 (4.3) | 2 (2.0) | 13 (9.6) | 5 (16.7) | 28 (38.4) | 5 (9.6) | 1 (4.2) | – | 1 (2.6) |
Cloxacillin | 52 (8.5) | 28 (19.9) | 10 (9.9) | 1 (0.7) | – | 5 (6.9) | – | 6 (25.0) | – | 2 (5.3) |
Clindamycin | 49 (8.0) | 10 (7.1) | 3 (2.9) | 4 (2.9) | 1 (3.3) | 25 (30.1) | 7 (13.5) | 1 (4.2) | 1 (6.3) | – |
Gentamicin | 46 (7.5) | 30 (21.3) | 3 (2.9) | 2 (1.5) | 1 (3.3) | 1 (1.4) | 2 (3.9) | 1 (4.2) | – | 6 (15.8) |
Ciprofloxacillin | 39 (6.4) | 6 (4.3) | 7 (6.9) | – | 1 (3.3) | 9 (12.3) | 8 (15.4) | 1 (4.2) | 5 (31.3) | 2 (5.3) |
Azithromycin | 21 (3.4) | – | 13 (12.9) | 5 (3.9) | 1 (3.3) | 1 (1.4) | – | – | 1 (6.3) | – |
Co-trimoxazole | 14 (2.3) | 7 (5.0) | 7 (6.9) | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
Meropenem | 12 (2.0) | 2 (1.4) | 1 (1.0) | – | – | – | 2 (3.9) | – | 4 (25.0) | 3 (7.9) |
Amikacin | 8 (1.3) | 7(5.0) | – | – | – | – | – | Q | -a | – |
Ampicillin | 10 (1.6) | 7 (5.0) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3 (7.9) |
Crystal penicillin | 7 (1.2) | 6 (4.3) | 1 (1.0) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Cefotaxime | 6 (1.0) | 6 (4.3) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Levofloxacin | 5 (0.8) | – | 3 (3.0) | – | – | 1 (1.4) | 1 (1.9) | – | – | – |
Erythromycin | 5 (0.8) | – | 1 (1.0) | 4 (2.9) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Clarithromycin | 3 (0.5) | – | – | – | – | – | 3 (5.7) | – | – | – |
Nitrofuratoin | 2 (0.3) | – | – | – | – | 1 (1.4) | – | – | 1 (6.3) | – |
Ceftazidine | 2 (0.3) | – | 1 (1.0) | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 (2.6) |
Amoxicillin | 1 (0.2) | – | – | – | – | – | 1 (1.9) | – | – | – |
Cefixime | 1 (0.2) | – | – | 1 (0.7) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Doxycycline | 1 (0.2) | – | 1 (1.0) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Cefpodoxime | 1 (0.2) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 (2.6) |
Nalidixic acid | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.7) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Vancomycin | 1 (0.2) | – | 1 (1.0) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Total | 611 | 141 | 101 | 136 | 30 | 73 | 52 | 24 | 16 | 38 |
Indications for antibiotic use
Drug name (generic) | Total, % | Community acquired | Hospital acquired | Surgical prophylaxis | Medical prophylaxis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n, % | n, % | n, % | n, % | ||
Metronidazole | 107 (17.5) | 22 (9.0) | 16 (12.5) | 66 (32.2) | 3 (9.1) |
Amoxicillin- clavulanic acid | 82 (13.4) | 18 (7.4) | 9 (7.0) | 53 (25.9) | 2 (13.4) |
Ceftriaxone | 74 (12.1) | 44 (18.0) | 16 (12.5) | 13 (6.3) | 1 (3.0) |
Cefuroxime | 61 (10.0) | 24 (9.8) | 7 (5.5) | 28 (13.7) | 2 (6.1) |
Cloxacillin | 52 (8.5) | 26 (10.6) | 15 (11.7) | 8 (3.9) | 3 (9.1) |
Clindamycin | 49 (8.0) | 21 (8.6) | 13 (10.2) | 15 (7.3 | – |
Gentamicin | 46 (7.5) | 26 (10.6) | 13 (10.2) | 5 (2.4) | 2 (6.1) |
Ciprofloxaciin | 39 (6.4) | 17 (6.9) | 14 (10.9) | 8 (3.9) | – |
Azithromycin | 21 (3.4) | 16 (6.5) | 3 (2.3) | 2 (1.0) | – |
Co-trimoxazole | 14 (2.3) | 3 (1.2) | 1 (0.8) | – | 10 (30.3) |
Meropenem | 12 (2.0) | 2 (0.8) | 9 (7.0) | 1 (0.5) | – |
Amikacin | 8 (1.3) | 3 (1.2) | 3 (2.3) | – | 2 (6.1) |
Ampicillin | 10 (1.6) | 7 (2.9) | – | 2 (1.0) | 1 (3.0) |
Crystal penicillin | 7 (1.2) | 2 (0.8) | 2 (1.6) | – | 3 (9.1) |
Cefotaxime | 6 (1.0) | 5 (2.0) | 1 (0.8) | – | – |
Levofloxacin | 5 (0.8) | 1 (0.4) | 3 (2.3) | 1 (0.5) | – |
Erythromycin | 5 (0.8) | 2 (0.8) | – | – | 3 (9.1) |
Clarithromycin | 3 (0.5) | 2 (0.8) | – | 1 (0.5) | – |
Nitrofuratoin | 2 (0.3) | – | 1 (0.8) | 1 (0.5) | – |
Ceftazidine | 2 (0.3) | – | 2 (1.6) | – | – |
Amoxicillin | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.4) | – | – | – |
Cefixime | 1 (0.2) | – | – | 1 (0.5) | – |
Doxycycline | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.4) | – | – | – |
Cefpodoxime | 1 (0.2) | – | 1 (0.8) | – | – |
Nalidixic acid | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.4) | – | – | – |
Vancomycin | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.4) | – | – | – |
Total | 611(100) | 245 | 128 | 205 | 33 |
Drug name (generic) | Anatomic sites | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | CNS | OTH | UT | GIT | SSTBJ | GUOB | RESP | Undefined | |
n, % | n, % | n, % | n, % | n, % | n, % | n, % | |||
Metronidazole | 107 | 10 (9.3) | – | – | 15 (14.0) | 6 (5.6) | 62 (57.9) | 10 (9.3) | 4 (3.7) |
Amoxicillin- clavulanic acid | 82 | 1 (1.2) | 1 (1.2) | – | 2 (2.4) | 8 (9.8) | 57 (69.5) | 10 (12.2) | 3 (3.7) |
Ceftriaxone | 74 | 16 (21.6) | 2 (2.7) | 1 (1.4) | 9 (12.2) | 4 (5.4) | 8 (10.8) | 24 (32.4) | 10 (13.5) |
Cefuroxime | 61 | 1 (1.6) | – | 4 (6.6) | 5 (8.2) | 27 (44.8) | 9 (14.8) | 11 (18.0) | 4 (6.6) |
Cloxacillin | 52 | 13 (25.0) | 1 (1.9) | – | 2 (3.9) | 13 (25.0) | – | – | 23 (44.2) |
Clindamycin | 49 | 1 (2.0) | – | – | 1 (2.0) | 36 (73.5) | 2 (4.1) | 5 (10.2) | 4 (8.2) |
Gentamicin | 46 | 3 (6.5) | 2 (4.3) | 1 (2.2) | 3 (6.5) | 6 (13.0) | 1 (2.2) | 5 (10.9) | 25 (54.4) |
Ciprofloxacin | 39 | 1 (2.6) | – | 5 (12.8) | 9 (23.1) | 13 (33.3) | 6 (15.4) | 2 (5.1) | 3 (7.7) |
Azithromycin | 21 | 1 (4.8) | – | – | – | – | 1 (4.8) | 18 (85.7) | 1 (4.8) |
Co-trimoxazole | 14 | 2 (14.3) | – | – | – | – | – | 11 (78.6) | 1 (7.1) |
Meropenem | 12 | – | – | 4 (33.3) | 1 (8.3) | 1 (8.3) | 1 (8.3) | 1 (8.3) | 4 (33.3) |
Amikacin | 8 | 1 (12.5) | – | – | – | – | – | – | 7 (87.5) |
Ampicillin | 10 | – | – | – | 2 (20.0) | – | – | 3 (30.0) | 5 (50.0) |
Crystal penicillin | 7 | – | 1 (14.3) | – | 1 (14.3) | – | 1 (14.3) | 3 (42.9) | 1 (14.3) |
Cefotaxime | 6 | 2 (33.3) | – | – | – | – | – | – | 4 (66.7) |
Levofloxacin | 5 | – | – | 1 (25.0) | – | 2 (40.0) | – | – | 2 (40.0) |
Erythromycin | 5 | – | – | – | – | 1 (20.0) | 4 (80.0) | – | – |
Clarithromycin | 3 | – | – | – | 3 (100) | – | – | – | – |
Nitrofuratoin | 2 | – | – | 1 (50.0) | – | 1 (50.0) | – | – | – |
Ceftazidine | 2 | – | – | 1 (50.0) | – | – | – | 1 (50.0) | – |
Amoxicillin | 1 | – | – | – | 1 (100) | – | – | – | – |
Cefixime | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | 1 (100) | – | – |
Doxycycline | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | 1 (100) | – | – |
Cefpodoxime | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 (100) | – | – | – |
Nalidixic acid | 1 | – | – | 1 (100) | – | – | – | – | – |
Vancomycin | 1 | 1 (100) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Total | 611 | 52 | 7 | 19 | 54 | 119 | 154 | 104 | 101 |