Introduction
Methods and Materials
Study design and subjects
Measure
Habitual snoring
Possible risk factors regarding HS
Statistical Analysis
Characteristics N (%) | Total (N = 20152) | Habitual Snorers (N = 2418) | Nonhabitual Snorers (N = 17734) |
t/χ
2
|
P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic characteristics
| |||||
Age (years, mean ± SD) | 9.00 ± 1.60 | 8.88 ± 1.58 | 9.02 ± 1.61 | 4.07a
| <.001 |
Gender (%) | 121.33b
| ||||
Boys | 9890 (49.3) | 1437 (59.9) | 8445 (47.9) | ||
Girls | 10159 (50.7) | 963 (40.1) | 9188 (52.1) | ||
BMI (Kg/m2, mean ± SD) | 17.33 ± 4.07 | 17.85 ± 4.40 | 17.26 ± 4.02 | 6.18a
| <.001 |
Family income (%) | 23.99b
| <.001 | |||
< 800 | 4853 (24.4) | 671 (28.2) | 4181 (23.9) | ||
800-2500 | 11266 (56.6) | 1309 (55.0) | 9948 (56.8) | ||
≥ 2500 | 3793 (19.0) | 401 (16.8) | 3385 (19.3) | ||
Mather's education level (%) | 1.79b
| .409 | |||
Low | 7653 (38.7) | 644 (27.4) | 4873 (28.0) | ||
Medium | 6616 (33.4) | 770 (32.7) | 5843 (33.5) | ||
High | 5527 (27.9) | 940 (39.9) | 6709 (38.5) | ||
Father's education level (%) | 1.20b
| .548 | |||
Low | 8433 (42.1) | 587 (24.5) | 4156 (23.6) | ||
Medium | 6859 (34.2) | 802 (33.5) | 6050 (34.3) | ||
High | 4750 (23.7) | 1008 (42.1) | 7422 (42.1) | ||
Environmental exposures
| |||||
Delivery | 25.24b
| <.001 | |||
Vaginal Birth | 13413 (66.8) | 1497 (62.3) | 11904 (67.4) | ||
Caesarean section | 6658 (33.2) | 906 (37.7) | 5747 (32.8) | ||
Feeding patterns during the first four months | 11.43 | <.001 | |||
Breasting feeding | 13248 (65.9) | 1512 (62.8) | 11725 (66.3) | ||
Mixed/bottle feeding | 6869 (34.1) | 896 (37.2) | 5967 (33.7) | ||
Breast feeding | 13.61b
| < .001 | |||
≥ 6 months | 10984 (54.5) | 1230 (51.0) | 9745 (55.0) | ||
< 6 months | 9168 (45.5) | 1182 (49.0) | 7978 (45.0) | ||
Pregnancy maternal smoking | 389 (1.9) | 76 (3.2) | 313 (1.8) | 21.42b
| < .001 |
Household passive smoking | 5000 (24.9) | 668 (27.8) | 4332 (24.5) | 12.43b
| < .001 |
Chronic health problems
| |||||
Obesity | 2156 (10.7) | 350 (14.6) | 1806 (10.2) | 37.55b
| < .001 |
Overweight | 2075 (10.3) | 326 (13.5) | 1749 (9.8) | 24.18b
| < .001 |
Chronic or allergic rhinitis | 1883 (9.4) | 421 (17.5) | 1460 (8.2) | 212.54b
| < .001 |
Asthma | 636 (3.2) | 138 (5.7) | 497 (2.8) | 59.08b
| < .001 |
Adenotonsillar hypertrophy | 2218 (11.0) | 498 (20.6) | 1716 (9.7) | 260.64b
| < .001 |
Chronic otitis media | 785 (3.9) | 141 (5.8) | 643 (3.6) | 27.93b
| < .001 |
Food/drug allergy | 1101 (5.5) | 174 (7.2) | 925 (5.2) | 16.35b
| < .001 |
Family history of SDB
| |||||
Habitual snoring | 6625 (32.9) | 1060 (43.9) | 5558 (31.4) | 152.43b
| < .001 |
OSAS | 481 (2.4) | 93 (3.9) | 388 (2.2) | 25.29b
| < .001 |
Variables | Prevalence of habitual snoring n (%) | Univariate regression models | |
---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI)
|
P
value
| ||
Demographic characteristics
| |||
Age (years, mean ± SD) | .040 | ||
5-6 | 309 (12.6) | 1.24 (1.14-1.47) | .014 |
7- | 491 (13.4) | 1.33 (1.14-1.55) | < .001 |
8- | 462 (12.4) | 1.22 (1.04-1.42) | .013 |
9- | 433 (11.8) | 1.15 (0.98-1.34) | .091 |
10- | 408 (11.2) | 1.09 (0.93-1.27) | .309 |
11- | 297 (10.4) | 1.00 | |
Gender (%) | < .001 | ||
Boys | 1437 (14.5) | 1.62 (1.49-1.77) | |
Girls | 963 (9.5) | 1.00 | |
Socioeconomic characteristics
| |||
Family income (%) | < .001 | ||
<800 | 671 (13.8) | 1.36 (1.19-1.55) | < .001 |
800-2500 | 1309 (11.6) | 1.11 (0.99-1.25) | .082 |
≥ 2500 | 401 (10.6) | 1.00 | |
Mather's education level (%) | .409 | ||
Low | 644 (11.7) | 0.94 (0.85-1.05) | .284 |
Medium | 770 (11.6) | 0.94 (0.85-1.04) | .237 |
High | 940 (12.3) | 1.00 | |
Father's education level (%) | .548 | ||
Low | 587 (12.4) | 1.04 (0.93-1.16) | .354 |
Medium | 802 (11.7) | 0.98 (0.88-1.08) | .442 |
High | 1008 (12.0) | 1.00 | |
Chronic health problems
| |||
Obesity/overweight | < .001 | ||
Obesity | 349 (16.2) | 1.67 (1.15-1.66) | < .001 |
Overweight | 320 (15.4) | 1.57 (1.37-1.81) | < .001 |
Normal or under | 1344 (10.4) | 1.00 | |
Chronic or allergic rhinitis | < .001 | ||
Yes | 421 (22.4) | 2.35 (2.09-2.65) | |
No | 1990 (10.9) | 1.00 | |
Asthma | < .001 | ||
Yes | 138 (21.7) | 2.10 (1.73-2.55) | |
No | 2274 (11.7) | 1.00 | |
Adenotonsillar hypertrophy | < .001 | ||
Yes | 498 (22.5) | 2.43 (2.17-2.71) | |
No | 1914 (10.7) | 1.00 | |
Chronic otitis media | < .001 | ||
Yes | 141 (18.0) | 1.65 (1.37-1.99) | |
No | 2270 (11.7) | 1.00 | |
Food/drug allergy | < .001 | ||
Yes | 174 (15.8) | 1.41 (1.19-1.67) | |
No | 2237 (11.8) | 1.00 | |
Environmental exposures
| |||
Delivery | < .001 | ||
Caesarean sectionh | 906 (13.6) | 1.25 (1.15-1.37) | |
Vaginal Birth | 1497 (11.2) | 1.00 | |
Feeding patterns during the first four months | |||
Breasting feeding | 1512 (11.4) | 1.00 | .001 |
Mixed/bottle feeding | 896 (13.1) | 1.16 (1.07-1.27) | |
Breast feeding | |||
≥ 6 months | 1230 (11.2) | 1.00 | < .001 |
< 6 months | 1182 (12.9) | 1.21 (1.08-1.56) | |
Pregnancy maternal smoking | < .001 | ||
Yes | 76 (19.5) | 1.81 (1.41-2.33) | |
No | 2333 (11.8) | 1.00 | |
Household passive smoking | < .001 | ||
Yes | 668 (13.4) | 1.19 (1.08-1.31) | |
No | 1735 (11.5) | 1.00 | |
Family history of SDB
| |||
Habitual snoring | < .001 | ||
Yes | 1060 (16.0) | 1.72 (1.57-1.87) | |
No | 1352 (10.0) | 1.00 | |
OSAS | < .001 | ||
Yes | 93 (19.3) | 1.79 (1.42-2.26) | |
No | 2319 (11.8) | 1.00 |
Variables | Model I | Model II | Model III | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted OR (95% CI)
|
P
value
|
Adjusted OR (95% CI)
|
P
value
|
Adjusted OR (95% CI)
|
P
value
| |
Socioeconomic characteristics
| ||||||
Family income | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 | |||
< 800 vs. ≥ 2500 | 1.35 (1.18-1.54) | < .001 | 1.43 (1.23-1.67) | < .001 | 1.46 (1.23-1.75) | < .001 |
800-2500 vs. ≥ 2500 | 1.12 (0.99-1.26) | .072 | 1.16 (1.02-1.32) | .024 | 1.12 (0.96-1.30) | .142 |
Mather's education level | ||||||
Low vs. High | NS | NS | NS | |||
Medium vs. High | NS | NS | NS | |||
Father's education level | .007 | < .001 | ||||
Low vs. High | NS | 1.22 (1.08-1.38) | .002 | 1.38 (1.20-1.60) | < .001 | |
Medium vs. High | NS | 1.04 (0.94-1.16) | .427 | 1.14 (1.01-1.29) | .034 | |
Environmental exposures
| ||||||
Delivery | ||||||
Caesarean section vs. Vaginal Birth | 1.21 (1.11-1.33) | < .001 | 1.19 (1.08-1.31) | < .001 | NS | |
Feeding patterns during the first four months | ||||||
Mixed/bottle feeding vs. Breastfeeding | 1.16 (1.06-1.27) | .001 | NS | |||
Breastfeeding | ||||||
<6 months vs. ≥ 6 months | 1.19 (1.09-1.29) | < .001 | 1.14 (1.05-1.25) | .003 | 1.17 (1.08-1.28) | < .001 |
Pregnancy maternal smoking | ||||||
Yes vs. No | 1.81 (1.42-2.38) | < .001 | 1.68 (1.28-2.21) | < .001 | 1.51 (1.07-2.13) | .019 |
Household passive smoking | ||||||
Yes vs. No | 1.18 (1.07-1.30) | .001 | 1.16 (1.05-1.29) | .003 | NS |
Variables | Model I | Model II | Model III | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted OR (95% CI)
|
P
value
|
Adjusted OR (95% CI)
|
P
value
|
Adjusted OR (95% CI)
|
P
value
| |
Demographic characteristics
| ||||||
Age (years, mean ± SD) | .008 | < .001 | < .001 | |||
5-6 vs. 11- | 1.23 (1.04-1.46) | .015 | 1.50 (1.23-1.84) | < .001 | 1.53 (1.25-1.88) | < .001 |
7- vs. 11- | 1.32 (1.13-1.54) | < .001 | 1.44 (1.20-1.73) | < .001 | 1.47 (1.21-1.77) | < .001 |
8- vs. 11- | 1.19 (1.02-1.39) | .027 | 1.28 (1.06-1.53) | .010 | 1.29 (1.07-1.56) | .008 |
9- vs. 11- | 1.15 (0.98-1.34) | .091 | 1.16 (0.96-1.40) | .134 | 1.18 (0.97-1.44) | .090 |
10- vs. 11- | 1.08 (0.92-1.27) | .328 | 1.15 (0.95-1.39) | .167 | 1.15 (0.95-1.40) | .163 |
Gender | ||||||
Boys vs. Girl | 1.62 (1.48-1.76) | < .001 | 1.53 (1.38-1.69) | < .001 | 1.55 (1.40-1.72) | < .001 |
Chronic health problems
| ||||||
Obesity vs. normal or under | 1.54 (1.35-1.78) | < .001 | 1.51 (1.33-1.76) | < .001 | 1.50 (1.31-1.74) | < .001 |
Overweight vs. normal or under | 1.44 (1.25-1.66) | < .001 | 1.38 (1.20-1.60) | < .001 | 1.35 (1.16-1.56) | < .001 |
Chronic/allergic rhinitis vs. none | 2.27 (2.01-2.56) | < .001 | 1.97 (1.70-20.27) | < .001 | 1.94 (1.66-2.25) | < .001 |
Asthma vs. none | 1.99 (1.64-2.42) | < .001 | 1.46 (1.14-1.87) | .002 | 1.43 (1.11-1.84) | .006 |
Adenotonsillar hypertrophy vs. none | 2.35 (2.10-2.63) | < .001 | 2.12 (1.86-2.43) | < .001 | 2.17 (1.90-2.49) | < .001 |
Chronic otitis media vs. none | 1.60 (1.32-1.93) | < .001 | 1.31 (1.05-1.64) | .017 | 1.31 (1.06-1.65) | .021 |
Food/drug allergy vs. none | 1.38 (1.16-1.64) | < .001 | NS | NS | ||
Family history of SDB
| ||||||
HS vs. none | 1.75 (1.60-1.91) | < .001 | 1.67 (1.51-1.85) | < .001 | 1.70 (1.52-1.89) | < .001 |
OSAS vs. none | 1.81 (1.43-2.28) | < .001 | NS | NS |