Background
Methods
Study populations and sampling procedure
Socio-economic indicators
Serologic testing
Statistical Analysis
Ethical considerations
Results
Characteristics of the study population
Prevalence of antibodies against HSV-1 and -2 infection
HSV-1 | HSV-2 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Rate ± SE (95% CI) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P value | Rate ± SE (95% CI) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P value | |
Region
| |||||||
Vaud-Fribourg
a
| 541 | 73.5 ± 1.9% (69.8–77.2) | 1.00 (---) | --- | 18.1 ± 1.7% (14.9–21.4) | 1.00 (---) | --- |
Ticino
| 693 | 87.0 ± 1.3% (84.5–89.5) | 2.42 (1.81–3.24) | <0.001 | 16.6 ± 1.4% (13.8–19.4) | 0.90 (0.67–1.21) | 0.487 |
Age group
| |||||||
35–44
| 479 | 70.8 ± 2.4% (66.0–75.5) | 0.58 (0.34–0.83) | 0.003 | 18.1 ± 2.0% (14.1–22.1) | 1.01 (0.68–1.50) | 0.956 |
45–54
a
| 433 | 80.8 ± 2.3% (76.4–85.2) | 1.00 (---) | --- | 17.9 ± 2.1% (13.7–22.1) | 1.00 (---) | --- |
55–64
| 322 | 82.3 ± 2.6% (77.2–87.3) | 1.10 (0.70–1.73) | 0.669 | 16.8 ± 2.5% (12.0–21.6) | 0.92 (0.59–1.45) | 0.730 |
Marital status
| |||||||
Single
| 116 | 62.4 ± 5.5% (51.5–73.2) | 0.45 (0.27–0.74) | 0.002 | 21.5 ± 4.6% (12.4–30.6) | 1.40 (0.79–2.49) | 0.244 |
Married
a
| 1021 | 78.6 ± 1.5% (75.6–81.6) | 1.00 (---) | --- | 16.3 ± 1.3% (13.7–18.9) | 1.00 (---) | --- |
Sep/divorced
| 86 | 76.7 ± 5.4% (66.2–87.2) | 0.89 (0.48–1.65) | 0.719 | 24.8 ± 5.3% (14.4–35.3) | 1.69 (0.94–3.06) | 0.081 |
Widowed
| 11 | 78.6 ± 15.2% (48.9–100.0) | 1.00 (0.17–5.88) | 0.997 | 54.2 ± 17.3% (20.3–88.1) | 6.07 (1.53–24.11) | 0.011 |
Educational level
| |||||||
Low
| 308 | 89.3 ± 2.2% (84.9–93.6) | 2.56 (1.52–4.19) | <0.001 | 17.2 ± 2.6% (12.1–22.4) | 1.19 (0.77–1.85) | 0.431 |
Medium
a
| 639 | 76.7 ± 2.0% (72.8–80.6) | 1.00 (---) | --- | 14.9 ± 1.6% (11.7–18.0) | 1.00 (---) | --- |
High
| 140 | 67.3 ± 4.4% (58.6–75.9) | 0.62 (0.40–0.98) | 0.040 | 21.7 ± 3.8% (14.2–29.1) | 1.58 (0.95–2.63) | 0.076 |
Very high
| 143 | 67.4 ± 4.6% (58.4–76.4) | 0.63 (0.39–1.00) | 0.050 | 26.0 ± 4.3% (17.6–34.3) | 2.01 (1.21–3.32) | 0.007 |
Size of commune
| |||||||
<1500
| 454 | 78.7 ± 2.4% (74.1–83.3) | 1.14 (0.78–1.68) | 0.485 | 15.2 ± 2.0% (11.3–19.2) | 0.76 (0.50–1.14) | 0.181 |
1500–10'000
a
| 454 | 76.3 ± 2.4% (71.6–81.1) | 1.00 (---) | --- | 19.2 ± 2.2% (15.0–23.5) | 1.00 (---) | --- |
>10'000
| 326 | 76.7 ± 2.6% (71.5–81.8) | 1.01 (0.69–1.50) | 0.941 | 18.6 ± 2.4% (13.9–23.3) | 0.96 (0.63–1.45) | 0.844 |
HSV-1-infected
| |||||||
No
a
| 234 | 21.2 ± 2.9% (15.5–26.9) | 1.00 (---) | --- | |||
Yes
| 1000 | 16.7 ± 1.4% (13.9–19.4) | 0.74 (0.50–1.11) | 0.143 | |||
Total
| 1234 | 77.2 ± 1.4% (74.5–80.0) | --- | --- | 17.7 ± 1.3% (15.2–20.2) | --- | --- |
HSV-1 | HSV-2 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Rate ± SE (95% CI) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P value | Rate ± SE (95% CI) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P value | |
Region
| |||||||
Vaud-Fribourg
a
| 565 | 80.4 ± 1.7% (77.2–83.7) | 1.00 (---) | --- | 19.6 ± 1.7% (16.3–22.9) | 1.00 (---) | --- |
Ticino
| 743 | 88.4 ± 1.2% (86.1–90.7) | 1.86 (1.37–2.53) | <0.001 | 24.3 ± 1.6% (21.2–27.4) | 1.31 (1.00–1.72) | 0.047 |
Age group
| |||||||
35–44
| 490 | 78.8 ± 2.1% (74.7–83.0) | 0.72 (0.49–1.06) | 0.097 | 19.5 ± 2.0% (15.7–23.3) | 0.83 (0.58–1.18) | 0.292 |
45–54
a
| 472 | 83.8 ± 2.0% (79.8–87.8) | 1.00 (---) | --- | 22.6 ± 2.2% (18.2–27.0) | 1.00 (---) | --- |
55–64
| 346 | 86.7 ± 2.3% (82.2–91.3) | 1.26 (0.77–2.07) | 0.347 | 20.9 ± 2.6% (15.8–26.0) | 0.90 (0.61–1.34) | 0.609 |
Marital status
| |||||||
Single
| 106 | 81.1 ± 4.7% (72.0–90.3) | 0.87 (0.46–1.63) | 0.658 | 27.3 ± 5.3% (16.9–37.8) | 1.77 (1.02–3.10) | 0.044 |
Married
a
| 984 | 83.2 ± 1.4% (80.5–86.0) | 1.00 (---) | --- | 17.5 ± 1.4% (14.8–20.2) | 1.00 (---) | --- |
Sep/divorced
| 142 | 77.2 ± 4.1% (69.1–85.2) | 0.68 (0.41–1.12) | 0.131 | 35.1 ± 4.5% (26.3–43.9) | 2.55 (1.66–3.92) | <0.001 |
Widowed
| 76 | 90.0 ± 4.1% (81.9–98.0) | 1.81 (0.72–4.53) | 0.205 | 28.6 ± 6.1% (16.7–40.5) | 1.89 (1.02–3.48) | 0.042 |
Educational level
| |||||||
Low
| 471 | 89.2 ± 1.8% (85.6–92.7) | 1.75 (1.13–2.72) | 0.012 | 16.5 ± 2.0% (12.6–20.4) | 0.65 (0.45–0.92) | 0.014 |
Medium
a
| 637 | 82.4 ± 1.8% (78.9–85.9) | 1.00 (---) | --- | 23.4 ± 1.9% (19.7–27.2) | 1.00 (---) | --- |
High
| 138 | 74.4 ± 4.1% (66.3–82.5) | 0.62 (0.38–1.01) | 0.055 | 23.6 ± 4.0% (15.7–31.4) | 1.01 (0.62–1.64) | 0.974 |
Very high
| 59 | 63.0 ± 7.1% (49.1–76.9) | 0.36 (0.19–0.69) | 0.002 | 18.2 ± 4.9% (8.6–27.8) | 0.73 (0.37–1.43) | 0.356 |
Size of commune
| |||||||
<1500
| 437 | 80.3 ± 2.3% (75.8–84.8) | 0.54 (0.35–0.84) | 0.006 | 15.7 ± 2.0% (11.8–19.5) | 0.64 (0.44–0.93) | 0.020 |
1500–10'000
a
| 495 | 88.2 ± 1.7% (84.9–91.6) | 1.00 (---) | --- | 22.5 ± 2.1% (18.3–26.7) | 1.00 (---) | --- |
>10'000
| 376 | 79.1 ± 2.4% (74.4–83.8) | 0.50 (0.33–0.78) | 0.002 | 24.1 ± 2.5% (19.3–29.0) | 1.09 (0.76–1.56) | 0.629 |
HSV-1-infected
| |||||||
No
a
| 197 | 29.0 ± 3.6% (21.9–36.0) | 1.00 (---) | --- | |||
Yes
| 1111 | 19.3 ± 1.4% (16.6–21.9) | 0.59 (0.40–0.86) | 0.006 | |||
Total
| 1308 | 82.7 ± 1.2% (80.2–85.1) | --- | --- | 20.9 ± 1.3% (18.4–23.5) | --- | --- |
HSV-1 | HSV-2 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age group | n | Rate seropositive (±SE, 95% CI) | Odds Ratio (95%CI) | P value | Rate seropositive (±SE, 95% CI)) | Odds Ratio (95%CI) | P value |
25–34
| 189 | 58.2 ± 3.6% (51.2–65.3) | 0.39 (0.25–0.62) | <0.001 | 10.6 ± 2.2% (6.2–15.0) | 0.53 (0.29–0.96) | 0.037 |
35–44
| 223 | 66.4 ± 3.2% (60.2–72.6) | 0.56 (0.36–0.87) | 0.010 | 18.4 ± 2.6% (13.3–23.5) | 1.01 (0.61–1.67) | 0.978 |
45–54
a
| 186 | 78.0 ± 3.0% (72.0–83.9) | 1.00 (--) | -- | 18.3 ± 2.8% (12.7–23.8) | 1.00 (---) | --- |
55–64
| 132 | 78.8 ± 3.6% (71.8–85.8) | 1.05 (0.61–1.81) | 0.860 | 17.4 ± 3.3% (10.9–23.9) | 0.94 (0.52–1.70) | 0.845 |
65–74
| 85 | 78.8 ± 4.5% (70.1–87.6) | 1.05 (0.56–1.97) | 0.873 | 29.4 ± 5.0% (19.7–39.2) | 1.86 (1.02–3.40) | 0.042 |
Total
| 815 | 69.9 ± 1.6% (66.8–73.0) | --- | --- | 17.3% ± 1.3% (14.7–19.9) | --- | --- |
HSV-1 | HSV-2 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age group | n | Rate seropositive (±SE, 95% CI) | Odds Ratio (95%CI) | P value | Rate seropositive (±SE, 95% CI) | Odds Ratio (95%CI) | P value |
25–34
| 204 | 69.1 ± 3.2% (62.8–75.5) | 0.54 (0.35–0.85) | 0.008 | 12.2 ± 2.3% (7.7–16.8) | 0.47 (0.28–0.81) | 0.006 |
35–44
| 237 | 77.2 ± 2.7% (71.9–82.6) | 0.81 (0.51–1.29) | 0.376 | 17.3 ± 2.5% (12.5–22.1) | 0.71 (0.44–1.14) | 0.154 |
45–54
a
| 202 | 80.7 ± 2.8% (75.2–86.1) | 1.00 (---) | --- | 22.8 ± 3.0% (17.0–28.6) | 1.00 (---) | --- |
55–64
| 126 | 84.9 ± 3.2% (78.6–91.2) | 1.35 (0.74–2.46) | 0.332 | 19.0 ± 3.5% (12.2–25.9) | 0.80 (0.46–1.39) | 0.426 |
65–74
| 100 | 84.0 ± 3.7% (76.8–91.2) | 1.26 (0.66–2.39) | 0.486 | 17.0 ± 3.8% (9.6–24.4%) | 0.69 (0.37–1.29) | 0.249 |
Total
| 869 | 77.9 ± 1.4% (75.2–80.7) | --- | --- | 17.3 ± 1.3% (14.8–19.8) | --- | --- |
HSV seroprevalence and variables other than age
HSV seroprevalence and marital status
HSV seroprevalence and socio-economic status
HSV seroprevalence and size of place of residence
Interaction between HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection
HSV seroprevalence in pregnant women
HSV prevalence and age
males | females | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio | 95% CI | P value | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | P value | |
Region
| ||||||
Vaud-Fribourg
a
| 1.00 | --- | --- | 1.00 | --- | --- |
Ticino
| 0.97 | 0.70–1.34 | 0.85 | 1.53 | 1.14–2.05 | 0.004 |
Age group
| ||||||
35–44
| 0.96 | 0.64–1.43 | 0.83 | 0.79 | 0.55–1.12 | 0.19 |
45–54
a
| 1.00 | --- | --- | 1.00 | --- | --- |
55–64
| 0.89 | 0.56–1.40 | 0.61 | 0.87 | 0.57–1.32 | 0.52 |
Marital status
| ||||||
Single
| 1.24 | 0.69–2.23 | 0.48 | 1.57 | 0.89–2.79 | 0.12 |
Married
a
| 1.00 | --- | --- | 1.00 | --- | --- |
Sep/divorced
| 1.70 | 0.93–3.13 | 0.08 | 2.35 | 1.52–3.63 | <0.001 |
Widowed
| 7.23 | 1.85–28.3 | 0.005 | 2.10 | 1.08–4.06 | 0.027 |
Educational level
| ||||||
Low
| 1.25 | 0.80–1.97 | 0.329 | 0.63 | 0.44–0.91 | 0.015 |
Medium
a
| 1.00 | --- | --- | 1.00 | --- | --- |
High
| 1.56 | 0.94–2.61 | 0.08 | 0.99 | 0.61–1.63 | 0.98 |
Very high
| 2.01 | 1.19–3.39 | 0.009 | 0.63 | 0.29–1.33 | 0.22 |
Size of commune
| ||||||
<1500
| 0.79 | 0.52–1.20 | 0.27 | 0.61 | 0.41–0.91 | 0.015 |
1500–10'000
a
| 1.00 | --- | --- | 1.00 | --- | --- |
>10'000
| 0.93 | 0.61–1.44 | 0.77 | 1.03 | 0.71–1.51 | 0.86 |
HSV-1-infected
| ||||||
No
a
| 1.00 | --- | --- | 1.00 | --- | --- |
Yes
| 0.79 | 0.52–1.23 | 0.30 | 0.58 | 0.39–0.85 | 0.006 |