Background
Methods
Sampling design
Measurement of serum creatinine
Definitions
Statistical analysis
Results
Factors | Men (%) n = 1557 | Women (%) n = 1560 | Total (%) n = 3117 |
---|---|---|---|
Age (mean, SE) | 33.8 ± 0.5 | 33.3 ± 0.5 | 33.6 ± 0.4 |
Sex (population) | 49.1% | 50.9% | 100% |
Age group (yr) | |||
15-29 | 390 (25.0%) | 390 (25.0%) | 780 (25.0%) |
30-44 | 390 (25.0%) | 390 (25.0%) | 780 (25.0%) |
45-59 | 388 (24.9%) | 390 (25.0%) | 778 (25.0%) |
≥ 60 | 389 (25.0%) | 390 (25.0%) | 779 (25.0%) |
Urban/rural | |||
Urban | 839 (53.9%) | 840 (53.9%) | 1679 (53.9%) |
Rural | 718 (46.1%) | 720 (46.1%) | 1438 (46.1%) |
Region | |||
Central | 479 (30.8%) | 480 (30.8%) | 959 (30.8%) |
Northeast | 360 (23.1%) | 360 (23.1%) | 720 (23.1%) |
North | 360 (23.1%) | 360 (23.1%) | 720 (23.1%) |
South | 238 (15.3%) | 240 (15.4%) | 478 (15.3%) |
Bangkok | 120 (7.7%) | 120 (7.7%) | 240 (7.7%) |
Hypertension* (%) | 26.0 | 19.1 | 22.5 |
Diabetes* (%) | 6.6 | 7.5 | 7.0 |
TC* (mean ± SE) | 188.9 ± 2.0 | 196.3 ± 2.0 | 192.8 ± 1.8 |
High cholesterol* (TC ≥ 240 mg/dL) | 12.8 | 16.5 | 14.7 |
BMI* (mean ± SE), kg/m2
| 22.6 ± 0.2 | 23.8 ± 0.2 | 23.2 ± 0.1 |
Smoking* (%) | 46.0 | 2.6 | 24.3 |
Creatinine* (mean ± SE), mg/dL | 1.3 ± 0.01 | 1.1 ± 0.01 | 1.2 ± 0.01 |
GFR* (mean ± SE), mL/min | 82.7 ± 0.4 | 75.2 ± 0.3 | 78.9 ± 0.3 |
Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease (Table 2)
Stage3 | Stage4 | Stage5 | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total
| 8.1 (7.3, 9.1) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.5) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) | 8.9 (8.0, 9.9) |
Sex
| ||||
Men | 4.8 (3.8, 6.0) | 0 (0, 0.4) | 0.1 (0, 0.6) | 5.5 (4.3, 6.8) |
Women | 11.4 (10.1, 12.9) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.8) | 0.2 (0.0, 0.6) | 12.3 (10.8, 13.8) |
Age group (yr)
| ||||
15-29 | 0.2 (0, 1.3) | 0 | 0 | 0.4 (0.1, 1.2) |
30-44 | 1.5 (0.7, 3.0) | 0 | 0.2 (0, 1.1) | 2.3 (1.3, 4.1) |
45-59 | 12.4 (9.5, 16.0) | 0.3 (0, 2.0) | 0.2 (0, 1.7) | 13.1 (10.1, 16.8) |
≥ 60 | 37.7 (33.6, 42.0) | 1.4 (0.5, 3.5) | 0.5 (0.1, 2.2) | 39.8 (35.6, 44.1) |
Area of residence
| ||||
Urban | 7.7 (6.4, 9.1) | 0.1 (0, 0.6) | 0.1 (0, 0.9) | 8.0 (6.7, 9.6) |
Rural | 8.3 (7.3, 9.5) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.6) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.5) | 9.2 (8.1, 10.5) |
Region
| ||||
Central | 7.2 (5.9, 8.8) | 0.1 (0, 0.7) | 0.1 (0, 0.9) | 7.4 (6.2, 9.0) |
Northeast | 10.1 (8.5, 11.9) | 0.1 (0, 0.4) | 0.2 (0, 1.0) | 10.8 (8.9, 13.0) |
North | 7.8 (6.0, 10.0) | 0.6 (0.2, 1.7) | 0.2 (0, 1.3) | 8.9 (6.8, 11.3) |
South | 6.4 (4.7, 8.7) | 0.2 (0, 0.9) | 0 | 8.1 (6.5, 10.0) |
Bangkok | 6.2 (4.5, 8.4) | 0 | 0 | 6.2 (4.5, 8.4) |
Characteristics of those with CKD (Table 3)
Characteristics | No CKD (n = 2971) | CKD (stage 3-5) (n = 146) |
Pvalue |
---|---|---|---|
Age, yr (SE) | 32.3 (0.4) | 56.8 (1.2) | < 0.001 |
Men, % (SE) | 50.1 (1.5) | 30.4 (3.4) | < 0.001 |
*GFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 (SE) | 80.8 (0.3) | 47.2 (2.5) | < 0.001 |
*Systolic blood pressure, mmHg (SE) | 118.0 (0.6) | 129.7 (2.0) | < 0.001 |
*Hypertension, % (SE) | 21.8 (1.3) | 49.9 (9.8) | < 0.05 |
*BMI (SE) | 23.1 (0.1) | 24.4 (0.7) | 0.07 |
*Cholesterol, mg/dL (SE) | 192.4 (1.7) | 223.5 (13.1) | < 0.05 |
*Smoking, % (SE) | 25.4 (1.0) | 26.0 (8.3) | 0.94 |
*Diabetes, % (SE) | 6.5 (1.0) | 14.6 (4.2) | 0.06 |
Factors associated with CKD
Adjusted OR | 95% confidence interval | |
---|---|---|
Age per 10 year | 3.0 | 2.6, 3.4 |
Sex (female as reference) | 0.3 | 0.2, 0.5 |
Diabetes | 1.9 | 1.0, 3.5 |
Hypertension | 1.6 | 1.1, 2.5 |
Smoking | 1.2 | 0.6, 2.3 |
BMI per SD unit | 1.2 | 1.0, 1.5 |
Total cholesterol per SD unit | 1.1 | 0.8, 1.4 |
Rural (Urban as reference) | 0.9 | 0.7, 1.3 |
Region | ||
Central | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Northeast | 2.1 | 1.3, 3.3 |
North | 1.7 | 1.0, 2.8 |
South | 0.8 | 0.5, 1.3 |
Bangkok | 0.8 | 0.4, 1.4 |