Background
Methods
Study design and population
Variables and procedure
Statistical analysis
Results
Total | Men | Women | P | |
---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | 1.145 | 689 (60.2%) | 456 (39.8%) | |
Age (years) | 66.8 ± 11.3 | 66.3 ± 11.4 | 67.4 ± 10.9 | 0.089 |
Duration diabetes (years) | 9.1 ± 6.7 | 8.8 ± 6.5 | 9.4 ± 6.9 | 0.250 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 30.3 ± 5.2 | 29.6 ± 4.5 | 31.1 ± 6.0 |
0.001
|
Obesity, n(%) | 533 (46,5) | 297 (43.1) | 236 (51.8) | 0.004 |
Abdominal waist circumference (cm) | 100.0 ± 17.1 | 103.5 ± 12.1 | 100.2 ± 13.6 |
0.001
|
Smoking (n%) | ||||
Yes | 158 (13,8) | 123 (17.9) | 35 (7.7) |
0.001
|
Ex-smoker | 345 (30.1) | 312 (45.2) | 33 (7.2) | |
Never | 642 (56.1) | 254 (36.9) | 388 ( 85.1) | |
HbA1C (%) | 7.3 ± 1.3 | 7.2 ± 1.2 | 7.3 ± 1.3 | 0.089 |
Hypertension (n%) | 860 (75.1) | 514 (74.6) | 346 (75.9) | 0.625 |
Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 134.5 ± 13.2 | 134.3 ± 12.6 | 134.8 ± 14,0 | 0.984 |
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 77.0 ± 9.1 | 77.1 ± 8.9 | 76.8 ± 9.3 | 0.477 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.70 ± 0.93 | 4.63 ± 0.99 | 4.89 ± 0.90 |
0.001
|
LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 2.79 ± 0,83 | 2.74 ± 0,86 | 2.84 ± 0,78 | 0.021 |
non-HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 3.49 ± 0,91 | 3.46 ± 0,96 | 3.55 ± 0,90 | 0.086 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 1.29 ± 0.35 | 1.17 ± 0.31 | 1.33 ± 0.37 |
0.001
|
Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 1.69 ± 0.96 | 1.70 ± 1.04 | 1.68 ± 0.87 | 0.450 |
Plasmatic creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.93 ± 0.3 | 1.01 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.2 |
0.001
|
eGFR ml/min/1,73 m2
| 79.9 ± 23.5 | 80.4 ± 22.4 | 78.6 ± 23.6 | 0.142 |
Albumin/creatinine ratio (mg/g) | 39.2 ± 144.3 | 46.3 ± 169.5 | 28.4 ± 93.4 | 0.979 |
Coronary heart disease (n%) | 177 (15.4) | 137 (19.9) | 34 (7.5) |
0.001
|
Heart failure (n%) | 91 (7.9) | 49 (7.1) | 42 (9.2) | 0.199 |
Peripheral vascular disease (n%) | 98 (8.5) | 85 (12.3) | 13 (2.9) |
0.001
|
Stroke (n%) | 79 (6.9) | 57 (8.3) | 22 (4.8) | 0.024 |
eGFR, | Normoalbuminuria | Microalbuminuria | Macroalbuminuria |
---|---|---|---|
mL/min per 1.73 m2
| ACR < 30 mg/g | ACR 30–300 mg/g | ACR > 300 mg/g |
≥ 90 (Stage 1) | 298 (26%) | 36 (3.14%) | 4 (0.35%) |
60-89.9 (Stage 2) | 528 (46.1%) | 68 (6%) | 5 (0.45%) |
45-59.9 (Stage 3A) | 99 (8.65%) | 26 (2.3%) | 8 (0.7%) |
30–44.9 (Stage 3B) | 40 (3.5%) | 15 (1.3%) | 5 (0.45%) |
< 30 (Stages 4–5) | 4 (0.35%) | 4 (0.35%) | 5 (0.45%) |
UACR | Normoalbuminuria | Microalbuminuria | Macroalbuminuria |
N (%) | 969 (84.6%) | 149 (13.0%) | 27 (2.4%) |
eGFR ≥ 60 | |||
mL/min per 1.73 m2
| 939 (82%) | ||
eGFR < 60 | |||
mL/min per 1.73 m2
| 206 (18%) | ||
Any type of CKD | 319 (27.9%) |
no CKD | CKD 1‘a’
| CKD 2 | CKD 3A | CKD 3B | CKD 4-5 | P‘b’
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FG ≥ 60 | FG ≥ 90 | FG 89-60 | FG 59-45 | FG 44-30 | FG < 30 | ||
ACR < 30 | ACR ≥ 30 | CAC ≥ 30 | |||||
N = 1145 (%) | 826 (72.1) | 40 (3.5) | 73 (6.4) | 133 (11.6) | 60 (5.2) | 13 (1.2) | |
Age (years) | 64.9 ± 10.8 | 62.8 ± 10.7 | 67.6 ± 11.1 | 74.4 ± 8.6 | 75.2 ± 10.0 | 73.6 ± 10.6 |
0.001
|
Gender (Men) (n%) | 511 (61.9) | 25 (62.5) | 47 (64.4) | 63 (47.4) | 36 (60.0) | 7 (53.8) | 0.053 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 30.1 ± 5.2 | 30.4 ± 4.4 | 30.4 ± 5.3 | 30.7 ± 5.1 | 30.9 ± 6.0 | 30.1 ± 5.1 | 0.985 |
Abdominal waist circumference (cm) | 99.8 ± 16.5 | 101.7 ± 11.7 | 99.4 ± 19.3 | 99.8 ± 19.8 | 100.4 ± 19.1 | 105.5 ± 14.1 | 0.950 |
Smoking (n%) | |||||||
Yes | 118 (14.3) | 12 (30.0) | 13 (17.8) | 8 (6.0) | 5 (8.3) | 2 (15.4) | 0.025 |
Ex-smoker | 239 (28.9) | 11 (27.5) | 22 (30.1) | 50 (37.6) | 19 (31.7) | 4 (30.8) | |
Never | 469 (56.8) | 17 (42.5) | 38 (52.1) | 75 (56.4) | 36 (60.0) | 7 (53.8) | |
HbA1C (%) | 7.2 ± 1.2 | 7.8 ± 1.6 | 7.7 ± 1.3 | 7.1 ± 1.2 | 7.0 ± 1.0 | 7.9 ± 1.9 |
0.001
|
Duration of DM (years) | 8.5 ± 6.5 | 9.5 ± 6.6 | 9.7 ± 7.4 | 11.1 ± 8.5 | 11.0 ± 6.9 | 11.7 ± 8.7 | 0.386 |
Glycaemia (mmol/L) | 8.05 ± 3.20 | 8.84± 3.23 | 9.00± 2.79 | 7.90± 2.63 | 7.48± 2.98 | 7.88 ± 3.40 | 0.002 |
Hypertension (n%) | 578 (70.0) | 32 (80.0) | 60 (82.2) | 121 (91.0) | 56 (93.3) | 13 (100) |
0.001
|
Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 134.0 ± 12.5 | 136.9 ± 15.9 | 136.6 ± 15.1 | 135.9 ± 14.2 | 134.2 ± 14.1 | 134.5 ± 16.9 | 0.610 |
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 77.8 ± 8.7 | 79.3 ± 9.9 | 76.3 ± 9.6 | 74.2 ± 10.0 | 72.8 ± 8.8 | 71.7 ± 6.6 | 0.003 |
Dyslipidaemia (n%) | 555 (67.2) | 27 (67.5) | 52 (71.2) | 97 (72.9) | 37 (61.7) | 8 (61.5) | 0.638 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.75 ± 0.95 | 4.94 ± 1.12 | 4.78 ± 0.99 | 4.59 ± 0.89 | 4.65 ± 1.11 | 4.30 ± 0.91 | 0.113 |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.81 ± 0.81 | 2.95 ± 1.00 | 2.76 ± 0.79 | 2.67 ± 0.85 | 2.64 ± 0.94 | 2.21 ± 0.56 | 0.082 |
non-HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.50 ± 0.91 | 3.75± 1.07 | 3.60 ± 1.01 | 3.31 ± 0.91 | 3.45 ± 1.08 | 3.22 ± 0.94 | 0.064 |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.24 ± 0.33 | 1.19 ± 0.33 | 1.18 ± 0.26 | 1.28 ± 0.43 | 1.17 ± 0.34 | 1.07 ± 0.25 | 0.244 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.63 ± 0.94 | 1.88 ± 0.94 | 1.89 ± 1.21 | 1.76 ± 1.03 | 1.90 ± 0.96 | 2.17 ± 1.07 | 0.477 |
Plasmatic creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 2.3 ± 0.5 |
0.001
|
OR (95% CI) | |
---|---|
Age (years) | |
< 50 | 1 |
50-59 | 2.02 (0.93-4.41) |
60-69 | 1.75 (0.82-3.76) |
70-79 |
3.24 (1.53-6.86)
|
>80 |
7.84 (3.50-17.54)
|
Gender | |
Men | 1 |
Women |
1.36 (1.01-1.84)
|
Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | |
< 130 | 1 |
130-139 | 0.85 (0.60-1.22) |
140-149 | 1.01 (0.67-1.51) |
≥ 150 |
1.61 (1.03-2.53)
|
Duration of DM 2 (years) |
1.02 (1.01-1.04)
|
Coronary heart disease |
1.54 (1.04-2.28)
|
Heart failure |
2.69 (1.64-4.40)
|
Peripheral vascular disease |
2.71 (1.69-4.35)
|