Background
Methods
Study design, population and procedure
Timing of the measurements in relation to the course of the influenza A (H1N1) pandemic
Measurements
Government trust
Risk perception
Intention
Information
Demographic characteristics
Analysis
Results
Demographic characteristics
Characteristics | Weighted Total period (N = 8055) | Unweighted Period 1 (N = 3050) | Unweighted Period 2 (N = 2505) | Unweighted Period 3 (N = 2499) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex (% female)
| 50.8 | 57.3 | 60.6 | 53.6 |
Age (mean/SD)
| 45.7 (17.69) | 50.42 (17.35) | 50.19 (17.32) | 49.83 (17.12) |
Education (%)
| ||||
1. Low | 29.5 | 30.4 | 32.5 | 29.4 |
2. Intermediate | 41.5 | 37.5 | 37.6 | 36.9 |
3. High | 29.0 | 32.1 | 29.9 | 33.7 |
Family composition (%)
| ||||
1. No children | 53.1 | 57.3 | 57.2 | 54.6 |
2. Youngest child < 4 years | 10.8 | 9.0 | 8.2 | 11.4 |
3. Youngest child > 5 years | 36.0 | 33.8 | 34.5 | 33.9 |
Nielsen region (%)
| ||||
1. Amsterdam | 5.2 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 3.4 |
2. Rotterdam | 6.3 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 6.5 |
3. The Hague | 4.1 | 3.3 | 3.1 | 3.2 |
4. West | 28.9 | 28.7 | 28.6 | 29.8 |
5. North | 10.5 | 12.1 | 13.5 | 13.1 |
6. East | 20.9 | 21.6 | 20.2 | 19.7 |
7. South | 24.2 | 24.8 | 25.3 | 24.4 |
Time trends in government trust, fear/worry, and perceived vulnerability
Period 1 | Period 2 | Period 3 | |
---|---|---|---|
1. Trust in government | |||
Mean (SD) | 9.29 (2.66)a
| 8.61 (2.62)b
| 8.52 (2.64)b
|
MD with previous period | - | - 0.68 | - 0.09 |
95% C.I. for MD with previous period | - | (0.84) - (0.52) | (0.26) - 0.07 |
Scale 0 - 15
| |||
2. Fear/worry about influenza A (H1N1)
| |||
Mean (SD) | 2.11 (1.41) | 2.10 (1.35) | 2.01 (1.33) |
MD with previous period | - | - 0.01 | - 0.01 |
95% C.I. for MD with previous period | - | (0.09) - 0.07 | (0.1) - 0.07 |
Scale 0 - 7
| |||
3. Perceived vulnerability
| |||
Mean (SD) | 1.59 (0.97)a
| 2.31 (1.06)c
| 2.42 (1.09)d
|
Mean difference with previous period | - | 0.72 | 0.11 |
95% C.I. for MD with previous period | - | 0.66 - 0.78 | 0.04 - 0.18 |
Scale 0 - 5
| |||
4. Intention to adopt protective measures
| |||
Yes (%) | 27.6a | 45.0c | 54.2d |
MD with previous period | - | 0.1 | 0.09 |
95% C.I. for MD with previous period | 0.15 - 0.20 | 0.06 - 0.12 | |
Scale 0 - 1
| |||
5. Intention to accept vaccination
| |||
Yes (%) | - | 39.9 | 43.1 |
MD with previous period | - | - | 0.03 |
95% C.I. for MD with previous period | 0.00 - 0.06 | ||
Scale 0 - 1
|
Time trends in an intention to adopt protective measures, and in the acceptance of vaccination
Period 2 | Period 3 | MD | 95% C.I. for MD | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Reasons to accept vaccination (%) | ||||
1. When people close to me become sick | 21.7 | 20.7 | - 0.02 | (0.04) - 0.01 |
2. When the risk of infection increases | 19.3 | 18.3 | - 0.02 | (0.04) - 0.01 |
3. When the risk of death increases | 15.9 | 14.8 | - 0.01 | (0.03) - 0.02 |
4. When it really becomes a disaster | 11.6 | 10.7 | - 0.01 | (0.03) - 0.02 |
5. If the government advises it/if the vaccine is safe and effective | 8.3/8.3 | 6.2/6.6 | - 0.02 | (0.03) - 0.00 |
6. I probably will not or will never be Vaccinated | 8.1 | 12.2 | 0.04 | 0.02 - 0.06 |
Reasons to refuse vaccination (%)
| ||||
1. It is just a flu, not fatal, not necessary | 28.5 | 33.1 | 0.030 | 0.00 - 0.06 |
2. Only if it is necessary | 15.6 | 9.1 | - 0.06 | (0.08) - (0.04) |
3. I do not or never get sick | 8.9 | 12.3 | 0.03 | 0.00 - 0.04 |
4. I do not trust the vaccine | 8.9 | 8.2 | - 0.01 | (0.03) - 0.00 |
5. I need more information | 8.3 | 7.0 | 0.06 | 0.04 - 0.07 |
6. I am no risk group | 8.0 | 14.2 | - 0.01 | (0.03) - 0.00 |
Time trends in preferred information sources, need for and evaluation of government information
Factors associated with an intention to adopt protective measures
Wald (df) | OR | 95% C.I. for OR | |
---|---|---|---|
Lower - Upper | |||
Period 1 | |||
1. Trust in government | 24.86 (1)** | 0.92 | 0.892 - 0.951 |
2. Fear/worry about influenza A (H1N1) | 61.75 (1)** | 1.30 | 1.218 - 1.389 |
3. Perceived vulnerability | 41.42 (1)** | 1.37 | 1.242 - 1.502 |
4. Sex (female) | 6.97 (1)* | 1.26 | 1.06 - 1.502 |
5. Age | 32.78 (1)** | 1.01 | 1.009 - 1.019 |
Period 2
| |||
1. Fear/worry about influenza A (H1N1) | 123.37 (1)** | 1.44 | 1.354 - 1.541 |
2. Sex (female) | 9.21 (1)* | 1.31 | 1.100 - 1.557 |
3. Age | 12.19 (1)** | 1.01 | 1.005 - 1.017 |
4. Receipt of information (yes) | 24.02 (1)** | 1.65 | 1.352 - 2.020 |
Period 3
| |||
Men
| |||
1. Fear/worry about influenza A (H1N1) | 53.17 (1)** | 1.46 | 1.317 - 1.613 |
2. Age | 33.43 (1)** | 1.02 | 1.013 - 1.026 |
3. Receipt of information (yes) | 5.48 (1)* | 1.42 | 1.058 - 1.897 |
Women
| |||
1. Fear/worry about influenza A (H1N1) | 114.66 (1)** | 1.74 | 1.573 - 1.927 |
2. Age | 36.82 (1)** | 1.03 | 1.017 - 1.033 |
3. Receipt of information (yes) | 6.49 (1)* | 1.73 | 1.134 - 2.632 |
Factors associated with an intention to accept vaccination
Discussion
Wald (df) | OR | 95% C.I. for OR | |
---|---|---|---|
Lower - Upper | |||
Period 2 | |||
1. Trust in government | 5.20 (1)* | 1.05 | 1.006 - 1.088 |
2. Fear/worry about influenza A (H1N1) | 109.31 (1)** | 1.53 | 1.416 - 1.662 |
3. Perceived vulnerability | 7.34 (1)* | 1.15 | 1.040 - 1.279 |
4. Age | 35.25 (1)** | 1.02 | 1.015 - 1.029 |
5. Education (Low) | 11.13 (2)* | ||
Intermediate
| 5.44 (1)* | 0.75 | 0.584 - 0.954 |
High
| 10.69 (1)** | 0.64 | 0.486 - 0.835 |
6. Family composition (No children) | 10.68 (2)* | ||
Youngest child < 4 years
| 5.92 (1)* | 0.63 | 0.437 - 0.915 |
Youngest child > 5 years
| 8.86 (1)* | 0.68 | 0.524 - 0.875 |
7. Nielsen region (Amsterdam) | 19.15 (6)* | ||
Rotterdam
| 1.23 (1) | 0.72 | 0.408 - 1.282 |
The Hague
| 0.72 (1) | 1.32 | 0.699 - 2.478 |
West
| 3.10 (1) | 0.66 | 0.421 - 1.048 |
North
| 8.34 (1)* | 0.46 | 0.273 - 0.780 |
East
| 5.90 (1)* | 0.56 | 0.346 - 0.893 |
South
| 3.04 (1) | 0.66 | 0.416 - 1.053 |
Period 3
| |||
1. Trust in government | 8.81 (1)* | 1.05 | 1.018 - 1.089 |
2. Fear/worry about influenza A (H1N1) | 69.80 (1)** | 1.36 | 1.265 - 1.461 |
3. Perceived vulnerability | 4.71 (1)* | 1.10 | 1.009 - 1.200 |
4. Age | 199.82 (1)** | 1.04 | 1.035 - 1.046 |
5. Education (Low) | 16.93 (2)** | ||
Intermediate
| 4.24 (1)* | 0.80 | 0.641 - 0.989 |
High
| 16.88 (1)** | 0.62 | 0.487 - 0.775 |