Background
Subjects and methods
Population
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) measurement
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics | Men | Women | Total |
---|---|---|---|
(n= 1,321) | (n= 1,320) | ||
Age (years) | 39.6 ± 0.5 | 41.0 ± 0.4 | 40.3 ± 0.3 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.7 ± 0.2 | 24.4 ± 0.2* | 23.6 ± 0.1 |
rural | 71.5% | 70.2% | 70.8% |
urban | 28.5% | 29.8% | 29.2% |
Religion: | |||
Muslim | 2.5% | 3.9% | 3.2% |
non Muslim | 97.5% | 96.1% | 96.8% |
Region: | |||
Bangkok | 8.8% | 9.4% | 9.1% |
Central | 24.4% | 24.9% | 24.6% |
North | 18.3% | 18.4% | 18.3% |
Northeast | 34.9% | 33.5% | 34.2% |
South | 13.6% | 13.8% | 13.7% |
Regions | Duration of sunshine (hours/day) | 25(OH)D (nmol/L) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | Total | ||
Bangkok | 4.7 - 9.1 | 69.0 ± 0.6 | 61.1 ± 1.3* | 64.8 ± 0.7*** |
Central | 4.1 -8.5 | 86.5 ± 1.7** | 73.0 ± 1.1*, **, *** | 79.5 ± 1.1**, *** |
North | 3.6 - 8.1 | 88.5 ± 1.7** | 75.1 ± 1.8*, ** | 81.7 ± 1.2** |
Northeast | 3.5 -8.0 | 87.8 ± 1.3** |
76.7 ± 1.1*, ** | 82.2 ± 0.8** |
South | 2.0 - 8.8 | 87.7 ± 2.9** | 69.5 ± 0.8*, **, *** | 78.3 ± 1.3**, *** |
Total | 2.0 - 9.1 | 85.9 ± 1.1 | 73.0 ± 0.8* | 79.3 ± 0.8 |
Variables | 25(OH)D (nmol/L) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women |
p
| Total | ||
Age (years) | 15 - 29 | 79.3 ± 1.3 | 69.3 ± 1.1 | <0.001 | 74.4 ± 0.9 |
30 - 44 | 89.1 ± 1.7* | 70.7 ± 1.2 a
| <0.001 | 79.9 ± 1.1*,, a | |
45 - 59 | 86.5 ± 1.5*, | 75.3 ± 1.2*, | <0.001 | 80.6 ± 1.0* | |
60 - 69 | 90.7 ± 1.3* | 80.2 ± 1.1* | <0.001 | 85.1 ± 1.0* | |
70 - 79 | 95.0 ± 1.4* | 83.8 ± 1.7* | <0.001 | 88.6 ± 1.2* a
| |
> 80 | 96.9 ± 1.5* | 80.7 ± 1.7* | <0.001 | 88.2 ± 1.4* a
| |
Municipal area | rural | 88.9 ± 1.1 | 75.8 ± 0.8 | <0.001 | 82.3 ± 0.6 |
urban | 78.4 ± 1.6** | 66.6 ± 1.1** | <0.001 | 72.3 ± 1.3** | |
BMI (kg/m2) | ≥ 25 | 84.1 ± 1.9 | 73.7 ± 1.1 | <0.001 | 77.5 ± 1.1 |
< 25 | 86.5 ± 1.1 | 72.6 ± 0.9 | <0.001 | 80.3 ± 0.8*** | |
Religion | Muslim | 81.9 ± 5.2 | 61.1 ± 4.2 | = 0.001 | 69.0 ± 4.4 |
non Muslim | 86.0 ± 10**** | 73.5 ± 0.7**** | <0.001 | 79.7 ± 0.7**** |
Regions | Age, yrs (range) | Serum 25(OH)D levels | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
< 75 nmol/L | < 50 nmol/L | ||||||
Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | Total | ||
Bangkok | 15 - 93 | 66.7% | 75.5% | 64.6% | 10.8% | 24.2% | 14.3% |
Central | 15 - 91 | 36.2% | 59.2% | 43.1% | 2.1% | 11.4% | 6.5% |
North | 15 - 98 | 27.9% | 50.8% | 39.1% | 0.9% | 6.5% | 4.3% |
Northeast | 15 - 91 | 25.1% | 51.0% | 34.2% | 0.1% | 3.7% | 2.8% |
South | 15 - 92 | 29.4% | 65.8% | 43.8% | 1.5% | 12.9% | 6.3% |
Total | 15 - 98 | 32.6% | 57.3% | 45.2% | 1.9% | 9.3% | 5.7% |
Independent variables | Regression coefficient | SE |
p
|
---|---|---|---|
gender | 12.97 | 0.957 | < 0.001 |
Age | 0.28 | 0.019 | < 0.001 |
Urban | -6.47 | 1.04 | < 0.001 |
BMI | -0.08 | 0.094 | 0.422 |
Muslim | -0.82 | 2.358 | 0.733 |
Regiona: | |||
Bangkok | -12.01 | 1.519 | <0.001 |
Central | -1.73 | 1.543 | 0.279 |
North | -0.69 | 1.575 | 0.664 |
South | -3.32 | 1.648 | 0.060 |