Background
Method
Search strategy for identification of studies
Inclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria
Analysis strategy
Results
Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT): | ||||
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No | Study | Study Design | N | Outcomes examined |
1 | Fleischmann et al. 2005 [13] | RCT of brief intervention following attempted suicide | 1067 | Demographic features, methods used and outcomes |
2 | Bertolote et al. 2010 [16] | Same study as above | TAU: 149 BIC: 151 | Rate of repetition of attempted suicide at 18 months |
Case control:
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No
|
Study
|
Study Design
|
N
|
Outcomes examined
|
3 | Seneviratne et al. 1999 [37] | Case control | 168 cases | Demographic features, psychiatric morbidity |
4 | Van Der Hoek et al. 2005 [14] | Case control | 253 cases**of which 84% was intentional | Demographic features, types of poisons, risk factors |
Cross sectional descriptive:
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No
|
Study
|
Subjects
|
Number of subjects
|
Outcomes examined
|
5 | Fernando [35] | Subjects: patients hospitalized after poisoning | 101 | Demographic characteristics, poisons used |
6 | Chandrasena 1981 [29] | Subjects: patients hospitalized after poisoning | 64 | Demographic characteristics, poisons used, psychiatric morbidity |
7 | Jeyaratnam et al. 1987 [21] | Residents in the study area who had a history of hospital admission for poisoning + farmers in agricultural communities in 4 South Asian countries | 94 (in Sri Lanka)**of which 36.2% was intentional | Types of pesticides used ingested, awareness among consumers of health hazards of pesticides |
8 | Hettiarachchi et al. 1989 [30] | Patients hospitalized due to self-poisoning in South Sri Lanka. | 97 | Demographic features, types of poisons, reasons for choice of poison and where obtained |
9 | Hettiarachchi et al. 1989 [33] | Same study as above | 97 | Intent, triggers, psychiatric morbidity |
Cross sectional descriptive continued:
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No
|
Study
|
Subjects
|
Number of subjects
|
Outcomes examined
|
10 | Eddleston et al. 2005 [7] | Patients hospitalized after self-poisoning, in a rural agricultural area, over one year | 2189 | Demographic characteristics, type of poisons ingested |
11 | Eddleston et al. 2006 [32] | Subjects: patients hospitalized after self-poisoning (opportunistic sample) | 268 | Reasons for choice of poison, outcome, expected outcome, premeditation |
12 | De Silva et al. 2008 [26] | Inpatients after self-poisoning (Colombo region) | 191 | Demographic characteristics, types of poisons ingested |
13 | Fahim et al. 2010 [19] | Inpatients after self poisoning (Polonnaruwa & Peradeniya regions) | 816 | Rate of previous self-harm |
14 | Dawson et al. 2010 [24] | Patients admitted to two rural hospitals after deliberate ingestion of a single pesticide, from 2002 to 2008. | 9302 | Demographic features, type of pesticide ingested |
Retrospective survey of medical records:
| ||||
No
|
Study
|
Type of records surveyed
|
Number of records
|
Outcomes examined
|
15 | Senewiratne et al. 1974 [18] | Records of all inpatients treated at Kandy Hospital for acute poisoning, in 1970 and 1971 | 472* *of which 82% was intentional | Rates of attempted poisoning, demographic features, types of poisons ingested |
16 | Dissanayake et al. 1974 [20] | Police records 1970–72, of the Police Post, General Hospital, Colombo region + Case notes of admissions for poisoning to Colombo Hospital 1970-72 | 270**of which 49% was intentional104 (non-random sample) | Demographic features (age and gender) |
17 | Jeyaratnam et al. 1982 [12] | Randomly selected hospital records of patients discharged with a diagnosis of pesticide poisoning, from hospitals throughout Sri Lanka | 1000 | Rates of poisoning, demographic features, types of poisons ingested |
18 | Senanayake et al. 1986 [36] | Hospital admissions for acute poisonings in hospitals in selected areas of Sri Lanka (Peradeniya, Colombo, Galle and Jaffna regions) | Peradeniya-179 Galle-100 Colombo- 101 Jaffna- 446 | Demographic features, types of poisons ingested, associated illness |
19 | Hettiarachchi et al. 1989 [17] | Records of patients hospitalized due to non-fatal poisoning over a 1 year (1986–7) (South Sri Lanka) | 669**of which 73% was intentional | Prevalence rates, demographic features, types of poisons, case fatality. |
Retrospective survey of medical records continued:
| ||||
No
|
Study
|
Type of records surveyed
|
Number of records
|
Outcomes examined
|
20 | Eddleston et al. 1999 [25] | Hospital records of patients treated for self ingestion of oleander plant (1995–96) + Assessment of inpatients after oleander ingestion | 415 79 | Demographic features, triggers for self-poisoning |
21 | De Silva et al. 2000 [34] | Hospital records of patients hospitalized due to parasuicide in Kandy, Peradeniya, Kurunegala and Matale regions during 1993–94. | 5036* *of which >80% was intentional | Demographic features, type of poisons ingested |
22 | Van Der Hoek et al. 2006 [9] | Hospital records of patients hospitalized due to poisoning, in South Sri Lanka, from 1990–2002. | 8110**of which 64% was intentional | Demographic features, rates of poisoning, type of poisons ingested |
23 | Manuel et al. 2008 [8] | Hospital records of patients admitted due to self-poisoning in rural south Sri Lanka + selected economic indices of that area | 844 | Rates of attempted poisoning, associations with socioeconomic indices |
24 | Senadheera et al. 2010 [27] | Hospital records of children & adolescents admitted to Hospital in South Sri Lanka (Karapitiya region), due to deliberate self-harm | 827**of which 99% was due to attempted self-poisoning | Demographic features, types of substances ingested, change of substances ingested with time |
Qualitative:
| ||||
No
|
Study
|
Study Design
|
N
|
Outcomes examined
|
25 | Van Der Hoek et al. 1998 [23] | Mixed methods-Retrospective analysis of hospital records for information on occurrence of pesticide poisoning in the area + Qualitative interviews of families living in a village in a rural agricultural area | 526**of which 68% was intentional |
Quantitative: Socio-demographic features, types of pesticides ingested. Qualitative: Exploration of daily use, practices and storage regarding pesticides |
26 | Konradsen et al. 2006 [22] | Qualitative interviews with those who have attempted intentional self-poisoning, key workers in the area and focus group discussions with those from that community. | 159 | Exploration of factors and triggers associated with attempted self-poisoning (particularly sociological aspects). |
Rates of self-poisoning and repetition
Authors | Period of study (Year) | Area studied | Rates of self-poisoning by ingestion of pesticides |
---|---|---|---|
Jeyaratnam et al. 1982 [12] | 1979 | Sri Lanka (nationwide) | 79/100,000**of which 73% was due to intentional self-poisoning |
Van Der Hoek et al. 1998 [23] | 1991-94 | North-Central Province | 260/100,000 per year to 290/100,000 per year**of which 68% was due to intentional self-poisoning |
Van Der Hoek et al. 2005 [14] | 1999 | Uda Walawe region | 163/100,000**of which 84% was due to intentional self-poisoning |
Authors | Period of study (Year) | Area studied | Rates of self-poisoning by ingestion of any type of substance |
---|---|---|---|
Senewiratne et al. 1974 [18] | 1971-2 | Kandy region | 26.2 /100,000**of which 82% due to intentional self-poisoning. |
Hettiarachchi et al. 1989 [17] | 1986-87 | Galle region | 54.7/100,000 (all due to intentional self-poisoning) |
Van Der Hoek et al. 2006 [9] | 1990-2002 Rate for year 2002 | Southern Sri Lanka | 318 per 100,000*of which 64% were due to intentional self-poisoning 350/100,000**of which 64% were due to intentional self-poisoning |
Manuel et al. 2008 [8] | 2002 | Southern Sri Lanka | 315/100,000 (all due to intentional self-poisoning). |
Substances used for self-poisoning
Study | Year(s) and Place where study was conducted | First most commonly ingested poison type | Second most commonly ingested poison type | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Among Males | Among Females | Among Males | Among Females | ||
Senewiratne et al. 1974 [18] | 1970-1971 Kandy region | Pesticides | Pesticides | Medicinal overdose | Medicinal overdose |
Chandrasena et al. 1981 [29] | 1976 Kandy region | Pesticides | Pesticides | Medicinal overdose | Medicinal overdose |
Fernando et al. 1977 [35] | 1976 Colombo region | Pesticides (for both genders) | Medicinal overdose (for both genders) | ||
Senanayake et al.1986 [36] | 1984 Peradeniya, Colombo, Galle, Jaffna regions | Pesticides | Pesticides | Medicinal overdose | Medicinal overdose |
Hettiarachchi et al. 1989 [17] | 1986-1987 Galle region | Pesticides | Pesticides | Kerosene | Kerosene |
Hettiarachchi et al. 1989 [30] | 1989 Galle region | Pesticides | Pesticides | Medicinal overdose | Medicinal overdose |
De Silva 2000 [34] | 1987-1991 Central Sri Lanka | Pesticides (for both genders) | - | - | |
Seneviratne et al. 1999 [37] | 1996-1997 Ragama region | Pesticides (for both genders) | Medicinal overdose (for both genders) | ||
Van Der Hoek et al. 2006 [9] | 1990-2002 Ratnapura, Monaragala, Hambanthota regions | Pesticides | Household products (mostly kerosene derivatives) | Pesticides | Household products (mostly kerosene derivatives) |
Eddleston et al. 2005 [7] | 2002-2003 Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa regions | Pesticides | Pesticides | Oleander (plant) | Oleander (plant) |
Fleischmann et al. 2005 [13] | 2002- 2004 Colombo region | Pesticides | Medicinal overdose | Medicinal overdose | Pesticides |
Senadheera et al. 2010 [27] | 2001-2007 Galle region | Pesticides and other poisons (e.g. kerosene, household poisons) | Medicinal overdoses | ||
Study
|
Year(s) and Place where study was conducted
|
First most commonly ingested poison type
|
Second most commonly ingested poison type
| ||
Among Males
|
Among Females
|
Among Males
|
Among Females
| ||
Fahim et al. 2010 [19] | 2005-2007 Peradeniya & Polonnaruwa regions | Pesticides | Oleander (plant) | Pesticides | Oleander (plant) |
De Silva et al. 2008 [26] | 2007 Colombo region | Medicinal overdose | Medicinal overdoses | Pesticides | Pesticides |
Socio-demographic factors
Study | Method of Psychiatric Assessment | Rates of psychiatric illness and alcohol use among study participants (and details where available) |
---|---|---|
Fernando 1977 [35] | Participants interviewed as part of the study. Further details of psychiatric assessment not available. | • Psychiatric illness: 15.9% (this included schizophrenia, depression and mental retardation) |
Chandrasena 1981 [29] | Participants interviewed as part of the study. Further details of psychiatric assessment not available. | • Psychiatric illness – 13% |
• Alcoholism – 2% | ||
Senanayake et al. 1986 [36] | Information based on administrative records. | • Psychiatric illness - 5% (in Jaffna region) & 2.3% (in Peradeniya region) |
• Alcohol consumption at time of poisoning: 4% (in Peradeniya region) | ||
Hettiarachchi et al. 1989 [33] | Participants interviewed as part of the study. Further details of psychiatric assessment not available. | • Psychiatric illness – 13.4% (Depression and schizophrenia present in equal numbers, in 77% of psychiatric illness) |
• Alcoholism - 7% | ||
Seneviratne et al. 1999 [37] | A psychiatric assessment of each participant was conducted by a specialist psychiatrist. | • Depression – 18.5% |
• Schizophrenia – 1.2% | ||
• Alcoholism – 10.7% | ||
Eddleston et al. 1999 [25] | Participants interviewed as part of the study. No formal psychiatric assessment. | • Alcohol intoxicated at the time of self-poisoning: 50% of male participants |
De Silva et al. 2000 [34] | Data obtained from hospital records. | • Use of alcohol before/during self-poisoning: 6% |
Van Der Hoek et al. 2005 [14] | A small subsample of the study population was assessed using a questionnaire based on the Composite Diagnostic Interview Short Form (CIDI-SF). | • Alcohol dependence is significantly associated with increased risk of self-poisoning. |
• No significant association between depression and self-poisoning (sub sample) | ||
• Alcohol intoxicated at time of self-poisoning: 36% | ||
Konradsen et al. 2006 [22] | Based on interviews and focus group discussions. | • Life threatening illness or disability or mental illness– 8% |
• Alcohol intoxicated at time of self-poisoning: 32% (all males) |