Background
Methods
Search strategy
Eligibility criteria
Selection process
Data extraction
Methodological quality assessment
Quality criteria for measurement properties
Reliability
Validity
Results
Characteristics of included studies
Source | n | Age | Distribution of sex (% male) | Administrator | Country | Setting | Sampling |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dunton et al. [37] | 87 47a
| 15.02 ± 0.72 | 0 | adol | USA | intervention studyd
| n.a. |
Durant et al. [38] | 187adol 171padol 116pchn
| 12-18adol 5-11chn
| 40.5adol/46.8adol 47.8chn
| adol, p | USA | community | convenience sample |
Dwyer et al. [45] | 95 | 3.8 ± 0.74 | 53 | p | Australia | school, hospital, university | convenience sample |
Erwin [39] | 64 | 10.27 ± 0.74 | 31 | chn | USA | elementary school | cluster sample |
Evenson et al. [40] | 610 480b
| 10-15 | 0 | adol | USA | school | cluster sample |
Forman et al. [41] | 187adol 287p 162a
| 12.0 ± 3.6 | 48 | adol, p | USA | community | convenience sample |
14.7 ± 1.7 | |||||||
Huang et al. [46] | 303 160b
| 11.1 ± 0.9 | 47.2 | chn | Hong Kong | primary school | cluster sample |
Hume et al. [44] | 39 | 11.1 ± 0.7 | 54 | chn | Australia | school class | cluster sample |
McMinn et al. [35] | 24c
| 4 | 70.8c
| p | GB | community | n.a. |
389 | 49.8 | ||||||
Norman et al. [42] | 76 | 13 ±1.1 | 45 | adol | USA | after school programms | convenience sample |
Ommundsen et al. [43] | 3958 | 9.65 ± 0.42chn
| 47.4 | chn, adol | Norway, Denmark, Portugal, Estonia | school | two stage cluster sample |
15.49 ± 0.50adol
| |||||||
Pirasteh et al. [47] | 545 93b
| 15.74 ± 0.77 | 0 | adol | Iran | school | cluster sample |
Rosenberg et al. [36] | 171adol 171padol, a 116pchn
| 14.6adol 8.3chn
| 49.3adol 47.8chn
| adol, p | USA | community | convenience sample |
General characteristics of reviewed instruments
Source | Name of instrument | Target population | Dimensions of environmental construct | Number of items | Response categories | Scoring |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dunton et al. [37] | adolescent girls | availability of community exercise facilities | 26 | yes – no | sumscore | |
Durant et al. [38] | youth | 1. environmental barriers to PA in local parks | 5 | 4 point Likert scale | ||
2. safety barriers to PA in local parks | 6 | 4 point Likert scale | ||||
3.environmental barriers to PA in neighbourhood streets | 5 | 4 point Likert scale | ||||
4. safety barriers to PA in neighbourhood streets | 5 | 4 point Likert scale | ||||
Dwyer et al. [45] | Pre-PAQ | preschool-age children | perception of neighbourhood | 8 | 4 point Likert scale | |
Erwin [39] | Preadolescent Environmental Access to PA Questionnaire | 9- to 12-year-old children | 1. neighbourhood environment | 9 | yes – no | sumscore |
2. convenient facilities | 11 | yes – no | sumscore | |||
Evenson et al. [40] | adolescent girls | 1. safety | 8 | 5 point Likert scale | ||
2. aesthetics | 4 | 5 point Likert scale | ||||
3. facilities near the home | 31 | 5 point Likert scale (3 items), yes – no (28 items) | sumscore for dichotomous items | |||
Forman et al. [41] | youth | 1. environmental barriers for walking and cycling to parks | 17 | 4 point Likert scale | average score | |
2. environmental barriers for walking and cycling to shops | 17 | 4 point Likert scale | average score | |||
3. environmental barriers for walking and cycling to school | 17 | 4 point Likert scale | average score | |||
Huang et al. [46] | Hong Kong Chinese children | 1. safety | 5 | 5 point Likert scale | average score | |
2. sports facilities | 5 | yes – no | sumscore | |||
Hume et al. [41] | children | 1. physical environment | 15 | 7 point scale | composite score | |
2. aesthetics | 9 | yes – no | sumscore | |||
3. safety | 5 | yes – no | sumscore | |||
McMinn et al. [35] | preschool children | local environment | 8 | 5 point Likert scale | ||
Norman et al. [42] |
a
| adolescents | environment | 4 | 5 point Likert scale | average score |
Ommundsen et al. [43] | young people | 1. opportunity | 3 | 3 response options | average score | |
2. facility | 2 | 3 response options | average score | |||
3. licenceb
| 2 | 3 response options | average score | |||
Pirasteh et al. [47] |
a
| Iranian adolescent girls | environment | 4 | 5 point Likert scale | |
Rosenberg et al. [36] | NEWS-Y | youth | 1. land use mix-diversity | 20 | 6 response options | composite score |
2. pedestrian and automobile traffic safety | 7 | 4 point Likert scale | average score | |||
3. crime safety | 6 | 4 point Likert scale | average score | |||
4. aesthetics | 3 | 4 point Likert scale | average score | |||
5. walking/ cycling facilities | 3 | 4 point Likert scale | average score | |||
6. street connectivity | 3 | 4 point Likert scale | average score | |||
7. land use mix-access | 6 | 4 point Likert scale | average score | |||
8. residential density | 4 | 5 response options | composite score | |||
9. recreation facilities | 14 | 6 response options | composite score |
Results and methodological quality of studies on reliability
Source | Dimensions of environmental construct (number of items) | Internal consistency | Test-retest reliability | Inter-rater reliability | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Results | MQS | Interval [days] | Results | MQS | Results | ||
Dunton et al. [37] | availability of community exercise facilities (26) | not assessed | not assessed | 29 | n.s. | ||
Durant et al. [38] | 1. environmental barriers to PA in local parks (5) | α = 0.71 - 0.81 | 38 | 27 | ICC = 0.48 - 0.58 | not assessed | |
2. safety barriers to PA in local parks (6) | α = 0.64 - 0.70 | ICC = 0.57 - 0.76 | |||||
3. environmental barriers to PA in neighbourhood streets (5) | α = 0.80 - 0.87 | ICC = 0.49 - 0.61 | |||||
4. safety barriers to PA in neighbourhood streets (5) | α = 0.67 - 0.76 | ICC = 0.63 - 0.67 | |||||
Dwyer et al. [45] | perception of neighbourhood (8) | not assessed | 33 | 7-14 |
Κ = 0.60 - 0.90 | not assessed | |
Erwin [39] | 1. neighbourhood environment (9) | not assessed | 70 | 7-10 | ICC = 0.86 | not assessed | |
2. convenient facilities (11) | ICC = 0.86 | ||||||
Evenson et al. [40] | 1. safety (8) | not assessed | 70 | 6-24 (M = 12) |
Κ = 0.37 - 0.52 | not assessed | |
2. aesthetics (4) |
Κ = 0.31 - 0.39 | ||||||
3. facilities near the home (31) | ICC: 0.78 | ||||||
Forman et al. [41] | 1. environmental barriers for walking and cycling to parks (17) | α = 0.70 - 0.84 | 50 | 27 | ICC = 0.60 - 0.74 | ICC = 0.69 - 0.73 | |
2. environmental barriers for walking and cycling to shops (17) | α = 0.70 - 0.85 | ICC = 0.56 - 0.75 | 29 | ICC = 0.46 - 0.68 | |||
3. environmental barriers for walking and cycling to school (17) | α = 0.70 - 0.86 | ICC = 0.60 - 0.81 | ICC = 0.73 - 0.78 | ||||
Huang et al. [46] | 1. safety (5) | α = 0.71 | 70 | 10 | ICC = 0.89 | not assessed | |
2. sports facilities (5) | not assessed |
Κ = 0.58 - 0.70 | |||||
Hume et al. [44] | 1. physical environment (15) | not assessed | 60 | up to 9 | ICC = 0.84 | not assessed | |
2. aesthetics (9) | α = 0.43 | ICC = 0.72 | |||||
3. safety (5) | α = 0.65 | ICC = 0.88 | |||||
McMinn et al. [35] | local environment (8) | α = 0.52 - 0.62 | not assessed | not assessed | |||
Norman et al. [42] | environment (4) | α = 0.24 - 0.67 | 63 | 7 | ICC = 0.60 - 0.64 | not assessed | |
Ommundsen et al. [43] | 1. opportunity (3) | α = 0.44 | not assessed | not assessed | |||
2. facility (2) | r = 0.20 | ||||||
Pirasteh et al. [47] | environment (4) | α = 0.67 | 38 | 15 | r = 0.38 | not assessed | |
Rosenberg et al. [36] | 1. land use mix-diversity (20) | α = 0.87 - 0.93 | 50 | 27 | ICC = 0.77 - 0.87 | 29 | ICC = 0.77 |
2. pedestrian and automobile traffic safety (7) | α = 0.79 - 0.85 | ICC = 0.66 - 0.74 | ICC = 0.52 | ||||
3. crime safety (6) | α = 0.87 - 0.93 | ICC = 0.73 - 0.87 | ICC = 0.53 | ||||
4. neighbourhood aesthetics (3) | α = 0.75 - 0.86 | ICC = 0.60 - 0.75 | ICC = 0.44 | ||||
5. walking/ cycling facilities (3) | α = 0.79 - 0.89 | ICC = 0.66 - 0.79 | ICC = 0.59 | ||||
6. street connectivity (3) | α = 0.72 - 0.75 | ICC = 0.56 - 0.61 | ICC = 0.47 | ||||
7. land use mix-access (6) | α = 0.72 - 0.84 | ICC = 0.56 - 0.73 | ICC = 0.57 | ||||
8. residential density (4) | α = 0.77 - 0.90 | ICC = 0.62 - 0.82 | ICC = 0.58 | ||||
9. recreation facilities (14) | α = 0.80 - 0.84 | ICC = 0.67 - 0.73 | ICC = 0.55 |
Results and methodological quality of studies on validity
Source | Dimensions of environmental construct (number of items) | Structural validity | Convergent validitya
| |
---|---|---|---|---|
Results | MQS | Results | ||
Dunton et al. [37] | availability of community exercise facilities (26) | not assessed | 57 | reported PA indicators (lifestyle activities, vigorous PA, energy expenditure): n.s. |
Durant et al. [38] | 1. environmental barriers to PA in local parks (5) | PCA: Support for a two factor solution | 43 | related to reported PA in parks (SR of adol and PR of adol) |
2. safety barriers to PA in local parks (6) | related to reported PA in parks (PR of adol) | |||
3. environmental barriers to PA in neighbourhood streets (5) | PCA: Support for a two factor solution | related to reported PA in streets (all administrator groups) | ||
4. safety barriers to PA in neighbourhood streets (5) | related to reported PA in streets (PR of chn) | |||
Evenson et al. [40] | 1. safety (8) | not assessed | safe walk/ jog related to PA, seen by others related to ATS | |
2. aesthetics (4) | 43 | trees, things to look at, garbage related to PA, smells related to ATS | ||
3. facilities near the home (31) | equipment, trails, number of facilities near home related to PA, number of facilities near home related to ATS | |||
Forman et al. [41] | 1. environmental barriers for walking and cycling to parks (17) | PCA: Support for a three factor solution (environment, planning/ psychosocial, safety) | 29 | subscales environment and planning/ psychosocial related to reported walking or bicycling to the specific destination (except for planning/ psychosocial in PR of chn) |
2. environmental barriers for walking and cycling to shops (17) | PCA: Support for a three factor solution (environment, planning/ psychosocial, safety) | all subscales related to reported walking or bicycling to the specific destination (safety only in PR of chn) | ||
3. environmental barriers for walking and cycling to school (17) | PCA: Support for a three factor solution (environment, planning/ psychosocial, safety) | all subscales related to reported walking or bicycling to the specific destination (safety only in PR of adol) | ||
Huang et al. [46] | 1.safety (5) | EFA: Support for an one factor solution | not assessed | |
2. sports facilities (5) | not assessed | not assessed | ||
McMinn et al. [35] | local environment (8) | PCA: Support for a two factor solution | not assessed | |
Ommundsen et al. [43] | 1. opportunity (3) | EFA and CFA: Support for a three factor solution | 71 | related to reported stages of PA change: F(4, 3689) = 29.43**; low objective measured PA vs. high PA associated with lower opportunity scores: (M = 2.60 vs. 2.65; t = 2.10*) |
2. facility (2) | related to reported stages of PA change: F(4, 3689) = 3.60**; low objective measured PA vs. high PA associated with higher facility scores: (M = 1.47 vs. 1.30; t = -2.33*) | |||
3. licenceb (2) | ||||
Pirasteh et al. [47] | environment (4) | PCA: Support for an one factor solution | not assessed | |
Rosenberg et al. [36] | 1. land use mix-diversity (20) | not assessed | 57 | related to reported walking to shops and to school in different administrator groups |
2. pedestrian and automobile traffic safety (7) | related to reported being active in parks and walking to parks in different administrator groups | |||
3. crime safety (6) | related to reported walking to shops (PR of chn, SR of adol) and being active in streets (PR of chn) | |||
4. aesthetics (3) | related to reported being active in parks (PR of chn), walking to parks (SR of a) and being physically active (PR of adol) | |||
5. walking/ cycling facilities (3) | related to reported being active in parks and walking to shops, school and parks (different administrator groups) | |||
6. street connectivity (3) | related to reported being active in parks and walking to shops, school and parks (different administrator groups) | |||
7. land use mix-access (6) | related to reported being active in parks and walking to shops, school and parks (different administrator groups) | |||
8. residential density (4) | related to reported being active in parks and walking to school (PR of chn, SR of adol) | |||
9. recreation facilities (14) | related to reported being active in parks and streets and walking to shops, school and parks (different administrator groups) |