Background
Methods
Participants and procedures
Study variables
Positive mental health and negative mental health
Orthogonal | Oblique | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item | One factor | Factor 1 | Factor 2 | Factor 1 | Factor 2 |
GHQ 1: Have you recently been able to concentrate on daily tasks? (pos) | −.676 | .562 | −.434 | .556 | −.211 |
GHQ 2: Have you recently been able to enjoy your normal day-to-day activities? (pos) | −.653 | .692 | −.311 | .764 | .007 |
GHQ 3: Have you recently lost much sleep due to worrying? (neg) | .625 | −.170 | .646 | .016 | .678 |
GHQ 4: Have you recently been able to face up to your problems? (pos) | −.614 | .647 | −.309 | .707 | −.015 |
GHQ 5: Have you recently felt that you were playing a useful part in things? (pos) | −.544 | .647 | −.205 | .744 | .109 |
GHQ 6: Have you recently been feeling unhappy or depressed? (neg) | .823 | −.334 | .768 | −.148 | .733 |
GHQ 7: Have you recently felt capable of making decisions about things? (pos) | −.595 | .625 | −.291 | .686 | −.006 |
GHQ 8: Have you recently been losing confidence in yourself? (neg) | .868 | −.264 | .848 | −.032 | .867 |
GHQ 9: Have you recently felt yourself to be constantly under strain? (neg) | .696 | −.159 | .736 | .061 | .791 |
GHQ 10: Have you recently been thinking of yourself as a worthless person? (neg) | .862 | −.236 | .859 | .008 | .896 |
GHQ 11: Have you recently felt that you couldn’t overcome your difficulties? (neg) | .797 | −.285 | .768 | −.086 | .761 |
GHQ 12: Have you recently been feeling reasonably happy, all things considered? (pos) | −.657 | .545 | −.430 | .535 | −.215 |
χ2
| 43183 | 9255 | 9255 | ||
Df | 54 | 43 | 43 | ||
CFI | .913 | .981 | .981 | ||
TLI | .894 | .972 | .972 | ||
RMSEA | .139 | .072 | .072 |
Sociodemographic factors
| |
Country of birth (register data) | Swedish, Nordic, European, Non-European |
Housing (How do you live?) | Own, Rented, Student’s room/lodging |
Occupational status (Your current occupation?) | Student, Employed, Unemployed, Sickness benefit/disability pension, Other activities |
Economic strain (Have you had difficulties paying for food, rent, bills etc. during the last 12 months?) | No, Yes (yes once/yes several times) |
Support, Trust, Participation
| |
Emotional support (Do you have anybody to share your inner feelings with and confide in?) | Yes, No |
Practical support (Can you get help from another person/other persons if you have a practical problem or are ill?) | Yes (yes always/yes most of the time), No |
Interpersonal trust (Do you believe that you can generally trust most people?) | Yes, No |
Community trust (What is the level of trust that you place in the following institutions/politicians in your society?) | Summary index = Very high, High, Low, Very low |
Participation (Have you taken part in the following activities during the past 12 months?) | Summary index = High, Moderate, Low, None |
Healthy eating, Physical activity
| |
Healthy eating (Consumption of vegetables and fruit) | Summary index = Low consumption, High consumption |
Physical activity (How much have you been physically active (including leisure activities) during the last 12 months?) | Sedentary leisure, Moderate exercise during leisure, Moderate regularly exercise during leisure, Regularly exercise and training |
Alcohol, Gambling, Smoking
| |
Alcohol consumption (Have you been drinking alcohol during the last 12 months?) | Summary Index = Yes (≥4 times/week, 2–3 times/week, 2–4 times/month, once/month or more seldom), No (never) |
Risky alcohol consumption (3 questions) | Summary index = Low consumption, High consumption |
Gambling (Have you been bought lottery tickets or bet money on games during the last 12 months?) | No, Yes |
Risky gambling (3 questions) | Summary index = No risk, High risk |
Smoking (Do you smoke every day?) | No, Yes |
Violations
| |
Humiliation (Have you been treated in a way that led to feelings of humiliation during the past three months?) | None (no), Some (Yes, sometime), Frequent (Yes, several times) |
Threat (Have you been exposed to threats or threats of violence that made you scared during the last 12 months?) | Yes, No |
Violence (Have you been subject to physical violence during the past 12 months?) | Yes, No |
Suicidal expressions
| |
Suicide ideation (Have you ever considered attempting suicide?) | No, Yes once, Yes several times |
Suicide attempt (Have you ever attempted suicide?) | No, Yes once, Yes several times |
Data analyses
Results
Crude effecta
| Adjusted effecta
| |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictor | PMH | NMH | Diffb
| χ2c
| PMH | NMH | Diffb
| χ2c
|
Female Sex | −.177* | .438* | −.261 | 395* | −.124* | .308* | −.184 | 62.8* |
Age | −.132* | .002 | .130 | 59.9* | −.206* | .054 | .152 | 23.0* |
Country of birthd
| ||||||||
Nordic | −.056 | .042 | .014 | 1.13 | .045 | −.013 | .032 | 1.15 |
European | .053 | .068†
| −.015 | 0.02 | .052 | .026 | .026 | 0.13 |
Other | −.129* | .249* | −.120 | 19.5* | −.052 | .026 | .026 | 1.59 |
Housinge
| ||||||||
Rented | −.136* | .199* | −.063 | 11.3* | −.008 | .052†
| −.044 | 5.32†
|
Other | −.068* | .156* | −.088 | 26.4* | .030 | .041 | −.011 | 0.02 |
Employmentf
| ||||||||
Employed | .070* | −.216* | −.146 | 89.0* | .149* | −.230* | −.081 | 6.11†
|
Unemployed | −.326* | .308* | .018 | 9.86†
| −.105†
| .014 | .091 | 10.7†
|
Sickness benefit/disability pension | −.934* | .976* | −.042 | 4.97†
| −.588* | .405* | .183 | 26.2* |
Other | −.019 | .036†
| −.017 | 0.60 | .113* | −.160* | −.047 | 0.94 |
Economic strain | −.351* | .569* | −.218 | 187* | −.072* | .208* | −.136 | 38.2* |
Emotional support | .500* | −.573* | −.073 | 1.02 | .340* | −.350* | −.010 | 2.47 |
Practical support | .693* | −.814* | −.121 | 0.51 | .261* | −.224* | .037 | 3.82 |
Interpersonal trust | .329* | −.473* | −.144 | 67.7* | .171* | −.188* | −.017 | 1.39 |
Community trust | .303* | −.444* | −.141 | 18.3* | .046 | −.156* | −.110 | 7.49†
|
Participation | .237* | −.148* | .089 | 21.3* | .120†
| −.028 | .092 | 6.09†
|
Healthy eating | .119* | .013 | .106 | 22.5* | .070†
| .005 | .065 | 3.72 |
Physical activity | .395* | −.463* | −.068 | 1.37 | .227* | −.215* | .012 | 3.76 |
Alcohol cons. | −.092* | .146* | −.054 | 6.70†
| −.086†
| .119* | −.033 | 1.28 |
Risky alc. cons. | −.152* | .275* | −.123 | 49.5* | −.053†
| .069* | −.016 | 0.08 |
Gambling | .031†
| .051* | −.020 | 0.47 | .168* | .027 | .141 | 4.51†
|
Risky gambling | −.236* | .379* | −.143 | 9.74†
| −.090†
| .216* | −.126 | 7.79†
|
Smoking | −.165* | .244* | −.079 | 18.2* | −.026 | .011 | .015 | 0.53 |
Humiliation | −.737* | 1.262* | −.525 | 541* | −.397* | .692* | −.295 | 56.9* |
Threat | −.392* | .618* | −.226 | 92.0* | −.090†
| .108* | −.018 | 1.01 |
Violence | −.281* | .419* | −.138 | 26.5* | −.015 | .015 | .000 | 1.01 |
Suicide ideation | −.781* | 1.269* | −.488 | 461* | −.349* | .720* | −.371 | 107* |
Suicide attempt | −.937* | 1.418* | −.481 | 163* | −.075 | −.058 | .017 | 1.08 |