Background
Methods
Search strategy
Inclusion and exclusion criteria for studies included in the review
Data abstraction
Assessment of study quality
Analyses and reporting
Ethics and research governance
Results
Search results
Database | Hits | Of some relevance | Included in review |
---|---|---|---|
Ageinfo | 5 | 1[34] | 1[34] |
British Humanities Index | 67 | 0 | 0 |
CINAHL | 99 | 6[35–40] | 1[40] |
Embase | 141 | 7[25, 37, 41–45] | 4[25, 42–44] |
Health Management Information Consortium | 38 | 14[14, 36–38, 40, 42, 43, 45–47] | 4[14, 40, 42, 43] |
Health Financials Evaluations Database | 0 | 0 | 0 |
International Bibliography of the Social Sciences | 113 | 0 | 0 |
MDX health | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Medline | 286 | 15[25, 34, 36, 38, 41–45, 48–53] | 5[25, 34, 42–44] |
PAISArchive | 82 | 0 | 0 |
PAISInternational | 83 | 2[54, 55] | 0 |
PsycINFO | 686 | 3[41, 53, 56] | 0 |
Science citation index | 150 | 8[25, 37, 41–45, 57] | 5[25, 42–44, 57] |
SIRS researcher | 5 | 0 | 0 |
Social science citation index | 237 | 7[36–38, 41–43, 45] | 2[42, 43] |
Social Services Abstracts | 147 | 3[36, 38, 58] | 0 |
Sociological Abstracts | 293 | 2[59, 60] | 0 |
Zetoc | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Article | Hits | Of some relevance | Included in review |
---|---|---|---|
Abbott and Hobby (2000)[42] | 3 | 3[36, 37, 61] | 1[61] |
Coppel et al (1999)[43] | 7 | 7[36, 37, 42, 61–64] | 3[42, 61, 63] |
Cornwallis and O'Neil (1998)[65] | Journal (Hoolet) not listed | ||
Dow and Boaz (1994)[23] | 4 | 1[66] | 1[66] |
Frost-Gaskin et al (2003)[66] | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Galvin et al (2000)[67] | 4 | 4[25, 36, 37, 61] | 2[25, 61] |
Greasley and Small (2005) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Hoskins and Smith (2002)[63] | 2 | 1[68] | 1[68] |
Langley et al (2004)[25] | 1 | 1[68] | 1[68] |
Memel and Gubbay (1999)[57] | 2 | 2[24, 61] | 2[24, 61] |
Memel et al (2002)[24] | 3 | 2[25, 68] | 2[25, 68] |
Middleton et al (1993)[69] | 4 | 4[36, 37, 63, 64] | 1[63] |
Moffatt et al (2004)[70] | Journal (Critical Public Health) not listed | ||
Paris and Player (1993)[71] | 21 | 14[36, 37, 43, 44, 61, 63, 64, 67, 68, 72–76] | 7[43, 44, 61, 63, 67, 68, 72] |
Powell et al (2004)[68] | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Reading et al (2002)[72] | 1 | 1[61] | 1[61] |
Sherratt et al (2000)[77] | Journal (Primary Healthcare Research and Development) not listed | ||
Toeg et al (2003)[61] | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Veitch and Terry (1993)[44] | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Medline | Health Management Information Consortium | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Author | Hits | Of some relevance | Included in review | Hits | Of some relevance | Included in review |
Abbott, S | 38 | 4[36, 37, 42, 78] | 1[42] | 3 | 1[42] | 1[42] |
Boaz, TL | 9 | 1[23] | 1[23] | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Coppel, DH | 1 | 1[43] | 1[43] | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Cornwallis, E | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Dow, MG | 17 | 1[23] | 1[23] | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Downey, D | 45 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Frost-Gaskin, M | 1 | 1[66] | 1[66] | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Galvin, K | 35 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 1[67] | 1[67] |
Greasley, P | 8 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 |
Gubbay, D | 3 | 2[25, 68] | 2[25, 68] | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Hehir, M | 34 | 1[24] | 1[24] | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Henderson, C | 147 | 1[66] | 1[66] | 17 | 0 | 0 |
Hewlett, S | 21 | 3[24, 25, 68] | 3[24, 25, 68] | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Hobby, L | 5 | 3 | 10 | 6[34, 36, 40, 42, 78, 79] | 4[34, 40, 42, 79] | |
Hoskins, RA | 12 | 1[63] | 1[63] | 5 | 2[63, 64] | 1[63] |
Hudson, E | 42 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Illife, S | 85 | 1[61] | 1[61] | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Jackson, D | 501 | 0 | 0 | 19 | 1[67] | 1[67] |
Jones, K | 581 | 0 | 0 | 90 | 1[77] | 1[77] |
Kirwan, J | 47 | 1[68] | 1[68] | 6 | 0 | 0 |
Langley, C | 25 | 3[24, 25, 68] | 3[24, 25, 68] | 6 | 0 | 0 |
Lenihan, P | 13 | 1[61] | 1[61] | 10 | 1[61] | 1[61] |
Means, R | 13 | 1[68] | 1[68] | 63 | 0 | 0 |
Memel, D | 6 | 1[68] | 1[68] | 5 | 0 | 0 |
Mercer, L | 16 | 1[61] | 1[61] | 1 | 1[61] | 1[61] |
Middleton, P | 51 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 1[77] | 1[77] |
Moffatt, S | 29 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
O'Kelly, R | 6 | 1[66] | 1[66] | 8 | 0 | 0 |
O'Neil, J | 101 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 |
Packham, CK | 11 | 1[43] | 1[43] | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Paris, JA | 14 | 1[71] | 1[71] | 2 | 1[71] | 1[71] |
Player, D | 11 | 1[71] | 1[71] | 13 | 1[71] | 1[71] |
Pollock, J | 86 | 2[25, 68] | 2[25, 68] | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Powell, JE | 57 | 1[68] | 1[68] | 22 | 0 | 0 |
Reading, R | 28 | 1[80] | 1[80] | 14 | 0 | 0 |
Reynolds, S | 106 | 1[72] | 1[72] | 13 | 0 | 0 |
Sharples, A | 25 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1[67] | 1[67] |
Sherratt, M | 4 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1[77] | 1[77] |
Small, P | 15 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 0 |
Smith, LN | 40 | 1[63] | 1[63] | 26 | 0 | 0 |
Stacy, R | 21 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
Steel, S | 18 | 1[72] | 1[72] | 5 | 0 | 0 |
Toeg, D | 6 | 1[61] | 1[61] | 1 | 1[61] | 1[61] |
Varnam, MA | 13 | 1[43] | 1[43] | 7 | 1[43] | 1[43] |
White, M | 579 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Authors (date) | Intervention delivered | Evaluation performed | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Who gave advice? | Where was advice given? | Referral system | Eligibility criteria (size of eligible population) | Financial | Non-financial, before-and-after design | Non-financial comp./control group | Qualitative | |
Abbott & Hobby (1999)[79] | CAB worker | primary care or client's home | PHCT, self | all registered at 7 practices | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Abbott & Hobby (2002)[34] | CAB worker and city council welfare rights officer | primary care | variable | (94+ practices) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Actions (2004)[81] | welfare rights advisers | primary care, clients' homes, telephone | self, medical staff, friends and family, voluntary and community _rganizations, social services, various other services | not reported | Yes | No | No | Yes |
Bennett (1997)[82] | CAB worker | CAB office | PHCT | all registered at 3 practices | Yes | No | No | No |
Borland (2004)[83, 84] | CAB worker | primary care, community hospitals, CAB offices, client's home | PHCT, self, any other agency | (Wales wide) | No | No | No | Yes |
Bowran (1997)[85] | CAB worker | primary care | not reported | (n = 12500) | No | No | No | Yes |
Broseley Health and Advice Partnership (2004)[86] | CAB worker | Primar care | self and all those registered at practice aged over 75 invited to take part | those registered at health centre | Yes | No | No | Yes |
Bundy (2002)[87, 88] | city council welfare rights officer and CAB worker | primary care | PHCT, self | (9 practices) | Yes | No | No | No |
Bundy (2003)[88] | city council welfare rights officer and CAB worker | primary care | PHCT, self, any other agency | all registered at practices covering 1/3 of those registered in Salford | Yes | No | No | No |
Coppell et al (1999)[43] | welfare rights officer | primary care | PHCT, self | anyone (n = 4057) | Yes | No | No | Yes |
Cornwallis & O'Neil (1998)[65] | Money advice worker | primary care | PHCT, self | all registered at practice(s) (n = 7600) | No | No | No | Yes |
Derbyshire CC WRS (1997)[89] | welfare rights officer | primary care | PHCT, self | all registered at practice(s) (n = 23 039) | Yes | No | No | No |
Derbyshire CC WRS (1998a)[22] | welfare rights officer | primary care | not reported | all registered at 2 practices | Yes | No | No | No |
Derbyshire CC WRS (1998b)[22] | Welfare rights service worker | primary care | PHCT and targeted mailshots | (4 practices) | Yes | No | No | No |
Dow & Boaz (1994)[23] | Linkage worker trained to assist in application for benefit | Clients' home or treatment facility | All individuals registered at 2 community mental health centres over 18 not currently claiming benefits, random sample of those meeting criteria at third centre, possibly eligible for benefits at screening | Screening form used – US citizen or resident alien, income <$600/month ($900 if married), one of: HIV+, 65+, blind, deaf, disabled | No | No | Yes | No |
Emanuel & Begum (2000)[90] | CAB worker | primary care | PHCT, self | anyone (n = 12 601) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Farmer & Kennedy (2001)[91] | CAB worker | primary care, hospital | at hospitals – from ward staff to social work staff to CAB worker | not reported | No | No | No | Yes |
Fleming & Golding (1997)[92] | CAB worker | primary care | not reported | all registered at 21 practices | No | No | No | Yes |
Frost-Gaskin et al (2003)[66] | Mind benefit advisor | Mental health resource and day centres (primary care) | None – advisors approached as many regular attendees as possible | all regular attendees (population of those eleigible to attend = 313 510) | Yes | No | No | No |
Ferguson & Simmons[93] | Community Links workers (local advice provider) | primary care | Mailshot to registered patients, GP referral | (50% of surgeries in London Borough of Newham) | No | No | Mp | Yes |
Galvin et al (2000)[67, 94] | CAB worker | primary care | PHCT | (7 practices) | No | No | No | Yes |
Greasley (2003)[95] and Greasley & Small (2005)[96] | 12 advisors from 6 agencies | primary care | PHCT, self, any other agency | (n = 106 707) | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
Griffiths (1992)[97] | city council welfare rights officer | primary care | PHCT, self, any other agency | (2 health centres) | Yes | No | No | No |
Hastie (2003)[98] | CAB worker | primary care, 2 other local locations | GP, self | not reported | Yes | No | No | Yes |
High Peak CAB (1995)[99] | CAB worker | primary care | not reported | all those in town (n = 2500) | No | No | No | No |
High Peak CAB (2001)[100] | CAB workers | not reported | not reported | not reported | Yes | No | No | No |
High Peak CAB (2003)[101] | CAB workers | primary care | PHCT, self, other agencies | all registered at practices involved | Yes | No | No | No |
Hoskins & Smith (2002)[63] | welfare rights officer | client's home | community nurses screened for attendance allowance eligibility opportunistically from their client list and referred screen positive | those >64 who in community nurses opinion were physically/mentally frail (population>64 = 1690) | Yes | No | No | Yes |
Hoskins et al (in press)[102] | money advice workers | clients' homes | community nurses screened for attendance allowance eligibility from their client list and referred screen positive | those over 64 who appeared to have unmet clinical needs | Yes | No | No | No |
Knight (2002)[103] | welfare benefits advisor | primary care and client's home | all aged 75+ identified through GP and sent invitation to take part | all aged 75+ in central Liverpool PCT area (n = 31 000) | No | No | No | Yes |
Lancashire CC WRS (2001)[104] | welfare rights officer | client's home | all patients aged 80+ invited to take part | all registered at 3 practices 80+ | No | No | No | No |
Langley et al (2004)[25] | Welfare benefits advice worker | primary care, hospital, client's home, local CAB | after consent obtained, sent health assessment questionnaire. Those with score >1/5 contacted by advisor and offered advice session | over 16 with rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis of knee or hip for >1 yr plus NSAID recruited from 20 practices. If >100 eligible from any practice, random sample of 100 | No | No | No | No |
Lishman-Peat & Brown (2002)[105] | not reported | primary care and client's home | PHCT, self | (5 practices) | Yes | No | No | Yes |
MacMillan & CAB Partnership (2004)[106] | CAB workers | clients' homes, "acute and primary care locations" and cancer information centres | from nursing staff at 3 hospitals and community MacMillan nurses | cancer patients and their families | Yes | No | No | Yes |
Memel & Gubbay (1999)[57] | welfare rights advisor | primary care | not reported | not reported | No | No | No | No |
Memel et al (2002)[24] | CAB worker | primary care or hospital | those with RA or OA from follow up patients at rheumatology outpatients at a teaching hospital and those from two GP surgeries who had take part in other research project | diagnosis of OA or RA, being seen at outpatients or registered at participating GP, health assessment questionnaire score of 2 or more, not currently claiming attendant's allowance or disability living allowance | No | No | No | No |
Middlesbrough WRU (1999)[107] | city council welfare rights officer | primary care and client's home where necessary | PHCT | all registered at practice(s) (n = 90 500) | No | No | No | No |
Middlesbrough WRU (2004)[108] | welfare rights officers | primary care and clients' homes | GPs, practice receptionists, district nurses, health visitors, health and social care assessors, Macmillan nurses, social workers, age concern | those registered at practice aged over 50 | Yes | No | No | No |
Middleton et al (1993a)[69] | housing department welfare rights advisor | primary care | not reported | (n = 15 000) | Yes | No | No | No |
Middleton et al (1993b)[69] | CAB worker | primary care | not reported | (4 practices) | Yes | No | No | No |
Moffatt (2004)[109] | Welfare rights worker | client's home | invitation to take part sent to random sample of those aged 65+ | random sample (n = 400+) of those aged 65+ registered at 4 practices | Yes | No | No | Yes |
Moffatt et al (2004)[110, 111] | CAB worker | primary care | PHCT, self | all registered at practice | No | No | No | Yes |
Paris & Player (1993)[71] | CAB worker | primary care | PHCT | (n = 64 779) | Yes | No | No | No |
Reading et al (2002)[72, 80] | CAB worker | primary care | letter to all eligible families | all families registered at 3 health centres with child under 1 year | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
Roberts (1999)[112] | CAB worker | primary care, client's home, letter, telephone | PHCT, self | (5 practices) | No | No | No | Yes |
Sedgefield and district AIS (2004)[113] | CAB worker | primary care | PHCT | all registered at practice(s) | No | No | No | Yes |
Sherratt et al (2000)[77] | CAB worker | 3 models – primary care, telephone, client's home | PHCT (GP surgery, telephone) or targeted at housebound (home visits only) | all registered at 7 or 4 practices (in-surgery and telephone advice), all housebound patients registered with GP in Gateshead (home visits) | No | No | No | Yes |
Southwark CC MAS (1998)[114] | welfare rights officer | primary care | not reported | (n = 76 417) | Yes | No | No | Yes |
Toeg et al (2003)[61] | CAB worker | primary care, client's home or telephone | all those eligible invited by letter from GP | registered at practice, 80 years +, living in own home (n = 12 000) | Yes | No | No | No |
Vaccarello (2004)[115] | HABIT officer | client's home | invitation letters from GPs to those aged 75+ | all aged 75 in Liverpool (n = 31 000) | No | No | No | Yes |
Veitch (1995) GP[21] | CAB worker | primary care | not reported | (21 practices) | Yes | Yes | No | No |
Veitch (1995) mental health[21] | CAB worker | health and social services sites (mental health centres) | not reported | not reported | Yes | Yes | No | No |
Veitch & Terry (1993)[44] | CAB worker | primary care | PHCT | (n = 64 779) | No | No | No | No |
Widdowfield & Rickard (1996)[116] | CAB worker | primary care | PHCT, self | all registered at practice(s) | No | No | No | Yes |
Woodcock (2004)[117] | city council welfare rights officer | primary care | PHCT | not reported | No | No | No | Yes |
Author (date) | Description of content and reason for exclusion |
---|---|
Abbot & Hobby (2003)[36] | Description of service users rather than evaluation of impacts of service. |
Abbott (2000)[118] | Multi-disciplinary support service for patients with mixed social and health needs with small welfare rights component but no evaluation of welfare rights component in isolation. |
Abbott (2002)[37] | Discussion of where welfare rights advice fits in terms of health interventions. No evaluation of any specific intervention programme. |
Alcock (1994)[119] | Discussion of potential benefits of welfare advice in primary healthcare settings and recommendations for development of such services, not evaluation of single/multiple project(s) |
Barnes (2000)[120] | Citizens advice service for patients at a long stay psychiatric hospital – including a limited amount of welfare rights advice. No specific evaluation of welfare rights advice component. |
Barnsley Community Legal Service Partnership (2003)[121] | Very brief mention of a welfare rights advice project in primary care within a larger report – no evaluation of service. |
Bebbington & Unell (2003)[122] | Description of a multidisciplinary telephone advice line for older people with some evaluation of use. No evaluation of welfare rights advice component. |
Bebbington et al (?year)[123] | Description of a multidisciplinary telephone advice line for older people with some evaluation of use. No evaluation of welfare rights advice component. |
Bird (1998)[124] | Audit of CAB services for those with mental illness – not evaluation of any specific intervention programme delivered in a healthcare setting. |
Buckle (1986)[125] | Discussion of eligibility for various benefits. No evaluation of specific intervention. |
Bundy (2001)[39] | Brief description of 'The Health and Advice Project' – full evaluation report included in review |
Burton & Diaz de Leon (2002)[126] | Review of a number of welfare advice services but only service for which any outcomes are report does not appear to have been delivered in a healthcare setting. |
Clarke et al (2001)[127] | Multidisciplinary service to provide advice and support to individuals and families with complex social and health problems – including welfare rights advice. No specific evaluation of welfare rights advice component. |
Craig et al (2003)[128] | Review and primary research on the impact of addition welfare benefit income in older people – not specifically of welfare rights advice delivered in a healthcare setting. |
Dowling et al (2003)[129] | Systematic review of effectiveness of financial benefits in reducing inequalities in child health with limitation to randomised controlled trials. Not evaluation of welfare rights advice. |
Emanuel (2002)[130] | Description of service rather than evaluation of impacts of service. |
Ennals (1990)[131] | Discussion of importance of welfare benefits in relation to health and eligibility for benefits. |
Ennals (1993)[74] | Editorial relating to article (Paris and Player, 1993) included in review |
Evans (1998)[132] | Report of client profile, sources of referrals and problems raised at a welfare rights advice service in primary care. No evaluation of effect on clients. |
Forrest (2003)[133] | Very brief mention of a welfare rights advice project in primary care within a larger report – no evaluation of service. |
Gask et al (2000)[134] | Very brief mention of a welfare rights advice project in primary care within a larger report – no evaluation of service. |
Greasley & Small (2002)[135] | A review of previously published work on welfare rights advice delivered in primary care. Not an evaluation of a specific intervention. |
Greasley (2005)[136] | Discussion of the process of videoing interviews that happened to be with users of a welfare rights advice service in primary healthcare. No evaluation of the impact of the intervention service itself. |
Green (1998)[137] | Description of eligibility for benefits whilst an in-patient. |
Green et al (2004)[138] | Review of health impact assessments in a variety of areas with very limited mention of Longworth et al (2003) |
Harding et al (2002)[38] | Audit of provision of welfare rights advisors in general practices and perceived impact of these facilities on the primary healthcare team. No evaluation of any specific programme on clients. |
Hobby & Abbott (1999)[78] | Brief description of 'The Health and Advice Project' – full evaluation report included in review |
Hobby et al (1998)[15] | A survey of CAB offering outreach in primary care settings with collation of some information. Limited data on impacts of advice not included in other, primary, reports. |
Hoskins et al (2000)[64] | Discussion of potential importance of welfare benefits advice for health with proposal that nurses could become involved in giving advice. No actual intervention described or evaluated. |
Jarman (1985)[45] | Description of computer programme to help determine eligibility for various welfare benefits. No evaluation of impact of programme. |
Kalra et al (2003)[48] | Methods of family planning _ounseling, not welfare rights advice related. |
Longworth et al (2003)[139] | Discussion of potential, rather than actual, impact of service |
NACAB (1999)[10] | Magazine type articles on various different studies with case studies, not evaluation of single/multiple project(s) |
Norowska (2004)[62] | Description of delayed application for and provision of attendance allowance. No intervention to improve take-up discussed. |
Okpaku (1985)[140] | Audit of mentally ill people applying for benefit and problems they encounter. No intervention programme to provide advice with claiming. |
Pacitti & Dimmick (1996)[56] | Descriptive study of extend and correlates of underclaiming of welfare benefits amongst individuals with mental illness. |
Powell et al (2004)[68] | Financial evaluation of welfare rights advice programme with repetition of financial impacts for clients of data in Langley et al (2004) and Memel et al (2004) |
Reid et al (1998)[141] | Assessment of staff awareness and involvement in an ongoing welfare rights advice project in primary care. No evaluation of impact of service on users. |
Riverside Advice Ltd (2004)[142] | Report of welfare rights project for those with mental illnesses. No evaluation of impact of service on users. |
Scully (1999)[143] | Report of training programme for welfare rights advisors working within primary care settings, not evaluation of a specific service. |
Searle (2001)[144] | Description of a multidisciplinary telephone advice line for older people. No evaluation of welfare rights advice component. |
Sherr et al (2002)[145] | Audit of current practice in three London boroughs with exploration of attitudes to potential services, not evaluation of service in place. |
Stenger (2003)[35] | Discussion of moving from welfare to work, not of advice to help claim welfare benefits. |
Strachan (1995)[146] | Proceedings of a conference with descriptions but no evaluations of welfare rights advice services in healthcare settings. |
Tameside MBC [33, 147] | Description of rationale for service and recommendations for the future, not evaluation of service |
Thomson et al (2004)[95] | Discussion of problems involved in rigorous scientific evaluation of social interventions – including welfare rights advice – but no evaluation of specific intervention. |
Venables (2004)[148] | Annual report of welfare rights service not based in a healthcare setting. |
Watson (2000)[149] | Multidisciplinary intervention project with small welfare rights component but no evaluation of welfare rights component in isolation. |
Waterhouse (1996)[150] | Profile of users of a welfare rights advice service in primary care, along with advice sought, service provided and discussion of logistic issues. No evaluation of effect on clients. |
Waterhouse (2003)[151] | Report on logistical problems and solutions to setting up welfare advice service in primary care. No evaluation of effect on clients. |
Waterhouse and Benson (2002)[152] | Background paper proposing establishment of a welfare rights service within a PCT. No evaluation of new project. |
West Berkshire CAB (2004)[153] | Report of service activity and financial statement – no evaluation of service. |
Williams (1982)[154] | Description of a hospital based services. Evaluation limited to type of contacts and activity engaged in by welfare advisor. |
Interventions delivered
Health and social outcomes – studies with a comparison or control group
Authors (date) | Outcome measure | Nature of control/comparison group | Random allocation? | Control group N at baseline | Intervention group N at baseline | Control group mean score at baseline | Intervention group mean score at baseline | Follow up period | Control N at follow up | Intervention N at follow up | Control group mean score at follow up | Intervention group man score at follow up | p-value* |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abbott & Hobby (1999)[79] | SF36 physical functioning (change in score) | Those whose income didn't increase following advice allocated to comparison group | No | 20 | 48 | NR | NR | 6 months | 20 | 48 | 0 | 2.4 | p > 0.05 |
SF36 role functioning physical (change in score) | No | 20 | 48 | NR | NR | 6 months | 20 | 48 | -2.5 | 2.1 | p > 0.05 | ||
SF36 bodily pain (change in score) | No | 20 | 48 | NR | NR | 6 months | 20 | 48 | 1 | -0.5 | p > 0.05 | ||
SF36 general health (change in score) | No | 20 | 48 | NR | NR | 6 months | 20 | 48 | 2.5 | 3.3 | p > 0.05 | ||
SF36 vitality (change in score) | No | 20 | 48 | NR | NR | 6 months | 20 | 48 | -7 | 7.7 |
p = 0.001
| ||
SF36 social functioning (change in score) | No | 20 | 48 | NR | NR | 6 months | 20 | 48 | -1.3 | 2.9 | p > 0.05 | ||
SF36 role functioning emotional (change in score) | No | 20 | 48 | NR | NR | 6 months | 20 | 48 | 8.3 | 14.6 | p > 0.05 | ||
SF36 mental health (change in score) | No | 20 | 48 | NR | NR | 6 months | 20 | 48 | -4.8 | 7.2 |
p = 0.019
| ||
Abbott & Hobby (2002)[34] | SF36 physical functioning | Those whose income didn't increase following advice allocated to comparison group | No | 50 | 150 | 34 | 29.5 | 6 months | 50 | 150 | 34.2 | 30.6 | p = 0.65 |
SF36 physical functioning | No | 50 | 150 | 34 | 29.5 | 12 months | 50 | 150 | 37.7 | 28.9 | p = 0.17 | ||
SF36 role functioning physical | No | 50 | 150 | 15.5 | 18.9 | 6 months | 50 | 150 | 24.5 | 28.1 | p = 0.5 | ||
SF36 role functioning physical | No | 50 | 150 | 15.5 | 18.9 | 12 months | 50 | 150 | 27 | 26 | p = 0.74 | ||
SF36 bodily pain | No | 50 | 150 | 29.2 | 34.8 | 6 months | 50 | 150 | 30 | 43.1 |
p = 0.013
| ||
SF36 bodily pain | No | 50 | 150 | 29.2 | 34.8 | 12 months | 50 | 150 | 36.4 | 39.4 | p = 0.71 | ||
SF36 general health | No | 50 | 150 | 35.6 | 31.7 | 6 months | 50 | 150 | 34 | 32.3 | p = 0.59 | ||
SF36 general health | No | 50 | 150 | 35.6 | 31.7 | 12 months | 50 | 150 | 32.3 | 32.1 | p = 0.35 | ||
SF36 vitality | No | 50 | 150 | 33.2 | 28.7 | 6 months | 50 | 150 | 28.4 | 32.3 | p = 0.13 | ||
SF36 vitality | No | 50 | 150 | 33.2 | 28.7 | 12 months | 50 | 150 | 29.2 | 28.4 | p = 0.26 | ||
SF36 social functioning | No | 50 | 150 | 45.8 | 42.3 | 6 months | 50 | 150 | 52.5 | 50.2 | p = 0.58 | ||
SF36 social functioning | No | 50 | 150 | 45.8 | 42.3 | 12 months | 50 | 150 | 54.6 | 49.2 | p = 0.58 | ||
SF36 role functioning emotional | No | 50 | 150 | 48.7 | 40.8 | 6 months | 50 | 150 | 36.7 | 51.7 | p = 0.17 | ||
SF36 role functioning emotional | No | 50 | 150 | 48.7 | 40.8 | 12 months | 50 | 150 | 42.7 | 52.2 |
p = 0.02
| ||
SF36 mental health | No | 50 | 150 | 57.1 | 53 | 6 months | 50 | 150 | 56 | 55.9 | p = 0.84 | ||
SF36 mental health | No | 50 | 150 | 57.1 | 53 | 12 months | 50 | 150 | 56 | 58.3 |
p = 0.03
| ||
Emanuel & Begum (2000)[90] | HADS anxiety | Those whose income didn't increase following advice allocated to comparison group | No | 28 | 12 | 12.03 | 12 | 9 months | 28 | 13 | 11.14 | 12.58 | p > 0.05 |
HADS depression | No | 28 | 12 | 8.21 | 9.75 | 9 months | 28 | 13 | 7.86 | 9.33 | p > 0.05 | ||
MYMOP symptom 1 | No | 28 | 12 | 4.48 | 4.64 | 9 months | 28 | 13 | 3.86 | 4.36 | p > 0.05 | ||
MYMOP symptom 2 | No | 28 | 12 | 3.59 | 4.67 | 9 months | 28 | 13 | 2.41 | 5.33 | p > 0.05 | ||
MYMOP activity | No | 28 | 12 | 4.17 | 5.7 | 9 months | 28 | 13 | 3.83 | 5 | p > 0.05 | ||
MYMOP wellbeing | No | 28 | 12 | 3.86 | 4.55 | 9 months | 28 | 13 | 3.14 | 4.65 | p > 0.05 | ||
MYMOP profile | No | 28 | 12 | 4.53 | 4.28 | 9 months | 28 | 13 | 3.44 | 4.79 | p > 0.05 | ||
GP consultations in last 9 months | Control identified as next in individual on practice register matched for age and sex. | No | 39 | 39 | 70 | 187 | 9 months | 39 | 39 | 111 | 165 | p > 0.05 | |
prescriptions in last 9 months | No | 39 | 39 | 122 | 239 | 9 months | 39 | 39 | 146 | 278 | p > 0.05 | ||
referrals to secondary care in last 9 months | No | 39 | 39 | 3 | 21 | 9 months | 39 | 39 | 5 | 18 | p > 0.05 | ||
Visits to A&E in last 9 months | No | 39 | 39 | 0 | 1 | 9 months | 39 | 39 | 2 | 0 | p > 0.05 | ||
practice nurse contacts in last 9 months | No | 39 | 39 | 13 | 12 | 9 months | 39 | 39 | 6 | 11 | p > 0.05 | ||
home visits in last 9 months | No | 39 | 39 | 5 | 3 | 9 months | 39 | 39 | 1 | 3 | p > 0.05 | ||
out of hours calls in last 9 months | No | 39 | 39 | 2 | 3 | 9 months | 39 | 39 | 3 | 5 | p > 0.05 | ||
social service referrals in last 9 months | No | 39 | 39 | 0 | 0 | 9 months | 39 | 39 | 0 | 0 | p > 0.05 | ||
cervical cancer screening in last 9 months | No | 39 | 39 | 1 | 1 | 9 months | 39 | 39 | 5 | 7 | p > 0.05 | ||
Reading et al (2002)[72] | Edinburgh postnatal depression scale | Six practices recruited – three allocated to intervention group, three to control group. | Yes | 173 | 88 | 7.7 | 9.7 | NR | 153 | 66 | 7.1 | 8.1 | p > 0.05 |
Prevalence of maternal smoking | Yes | 173 | 88 | 25 | 34 | NR | 153 | 66 | 20 | 36 | p > 0.05 | ||
Maternal non-routine GP visits per year | Yes | 173 | 88 | NR | NR | NR | 153 | 66 | 3.1 | 3.5 | p > 0.05 | ||
Maternal prescriptions | Yes | 173 | 88 | NR | NR | NR | 153 | 66 | 2.4 | 2.1 | p > 0.05 | ||
Child general health "very good" | Yes | 173 | 88 | NR | NR | NR | 153 | 66 | 51 | 44 | p > 0.05 | ||
Child more than 2 minor illnesses in last 3 months | Yes | 173 | 88 | NR | NR | NR | 153 | 66 | 18 | 22 | p > 0.05 | ||
Child accident requiring attention in last year | Yes | 173 | 88 | NR | NR | NR | 153 | 66 | 10 | 6 | p > 0.05 | ||
Child behaviour problems | Yes | 173 | 88 | NR | NR | NR | 153 | 66 | 5 | 10 | p > 0.05 | ||
Child sleeping problems | Yes | 173 | 88 | 12 | 13 | NR | 153 | 66 | 12 | 14 | p > 0.05 | ||
Child currently breast fed or stopped aged >4 months | Yes | 173 | 88 | 31 | 31 | NR | 153 | 66 | 23 | 17 | p > 0.05 | ||
Child non-routine GP visits per year | Yes | 173 | 88 | NR | NR | NR | 153 | 66 | 4.2 | 4.2 | p > 0.05 | ||
Child prescriptions | Yes | 173 | 88 | NR | NR | NR | 153 | 66 | 2.4 | 2 | p > 0.05 | ||
Veitch (1995) GP[21] | NHP total score | Those identified by control practices who would have been referred had service been available. | No | 5 | 5 | NR | NR | NR | 5 | 5 | NR | NR | p > 0.05 |
NHP energy | No | 5 | 5 | NR | NR | NR | 5 | 5 | NR | NR | p > 0.05 | ||
NHP pain | No | 5 | 5 | NR | NR | NR | 5 | 5 | NR | NR | p > 0.05 | ||
NHP emotional reaction | No | 5 | 5 | NR | NR | NR | 5 | 5 | NR | NR | p > 0.05 | ||
NHP sleep | No | 5 | 5 | NR | NR | NR | 5 | 5 | NR | NR | p > 0.05 | ||
NHP social isolation | No | 5 | 5 | NR | NR | NR | 5 | 5 | NR | NR | p > 0.05 | ||
NHP physical mobility | No | 5 | 5 | NR | NR | NR | 5 | 5 | NR | NR | p = 0.09 | ||
Veitch (1995) mental health[21] | NHP total score | Those identified by control mental health centres who would have been referred had service been available. | No | 12 | 36 | NR | NR | NR | 12 | 18 | NR | NR | p = 0.4588 |
NHP energy | No | 12 | 36 | NR | NR | NR | 12 | 18 | NR | NR | p = 0.2312 | ||
NHP pain | No | 12 | 36 | NR | NR | NR | 12 | 18 | NR | NR |
p = 0.0700
| ||
NHP emotional reaction | No | 12 | 36 | NR | NR | NR | 12 | 18 | NR | NR |
p = 0.0466
| ||
NHP sleep | No | 12 | 36 | NR | NR | NR | 12 | 18 | NR | NR | p = 0.3095 | ||
NHP social isolation | No | 12 | 36 | NR | NR | NR | 12 | 18 | NR | NR | p = 0.4872 | ||
NHP physical mobility | No | 12 | 36 | NR | NR | NR | 12 | 18 | NR | NR | p = 0.1312 | ||
Dow & Boaz (1994)[23] | applied for award | Random allocation to intervention/control group | Yes | 389 | 387 | 0 | 0 | 6 months | 311 | 303 | 20 | 63 |
p < 0.001
|
applied for award | Yes | 389 | 387 | 0 | 0 | 8 months | 311 | 303 | 26 | 67 |
p < 0.05
| ||
applied for award | Yes | 389 | 387 | 0 | 0 | 11 months | 311 | 303 | 26 | 67 |
p < 0.05
| ||
received award | Yes | 389 | 387 | 0 | 0 | 6 months | 311 | 303 | 8 | 17 |
p < 0.05
| ||
received award | Yes | 389 | 387 | 0 | 0 | 8 months | 311 | 303 | 12 | 22 |
p < 0.05
| ||
received award | Yes | 389 | 387 | 0 | 0 | 11 months | 311 | 303 | 13 | 23 |
p < 0.051
|
Health and social outcomes – before-and-after study design
Authors (date) | Outcome measure | Baseline N | Baseline mean score | Follow up period | Follow up N | Follow up mean score | p-value* |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abbott & Hobby (1999)[79] | SF36 physical functioning | 48 | 20.8 | before vs after income increase | 48 | 23.1 | p > 0.05 |
SF36 role functioning physical | 48 | 12.5 | before vs after income increase | 48 | 14.6 | p > 0.05 | |
SF36 bodily pain | 48 | 25.5 | before vs after income increase | 48 | 24.9 | p > 0.05 | |
SF36 general health | 48 | 26.7 | before vs after income increase | 48 | 30 | p > 0.05 | |
SF36 vitality | 48 | 20.8 | before vs after income increase | 48 | 28.5 |
p = 0.002
| |
SF36 social functioning | 48 | 29.4 | before vs after income increase | 48 | 32 | p > 0.05 | |
SF 36 role functioning emotional | 48 | 36.8 | before vs after income increase | 48 | 51.4 |
p = 0.037
| |
SF36 mental health | 48 | 45.9 | before vs after income increase | 48 | 53.1 |
p = 0.005
| |
Abbott & Hobby (2002)[34] | SF36 physical functioning | 345 | 35.8 | 6 months | 244 | 31.5 | p > 0.05 |
SF36 physical functioning | 345 | 35.8 | 12 months | 200 | 30.6 | p > 0.05 | |
SF36 role functioning physical | 345 | 22.8 | 6 months | 244 | 18.9 | p > 0.05 | |
SF36 role functioning physical | 345 | 22.8 | 12 months | 200 | 18 | p > 0.05 | |
SF36 bodily pain | 345 | 35.7 | 6 months | 244 | 33.2 | p > 0.05 | |
SF36 bodily pain | 345 | 35.7 | 12 months | 200 | 33.4 | p > 0.05 | |
SF36 general health | 345 | 34.8 | 6 months | 244 | 32.9 | p > 0.05 | |
SF36 general health | 345 | 34.8 | 12 months | 200 | 32.6 | p > 0.05 | |
SF36 vitality | 345 | 31.3 | 6 months | 244 | 29.9 | p > 0.05 | |
SF36 vitality | 345 | 31.3 | 12 months | 200 | 29.8 | p > 0.05 | |
SF36 social functioning | 345 | 40.9 | 6 months | 244 | 42.5 | p > 0.05 | |
SF36 social functioning | 345 | 40.9 | 12 months | 200 | 43.2 | p > 0.05 | |
SF36 role functioning emotional | 345 | 40.9 | 6 months | 244 | 40.4 | p > 0.05 | |
SF36 role functioning emotional | 345 | 40.9 | 12 months | 200 | 42.8 | p > 0.05 | |
SF36 mental health | 345 | 51.7 | 6 months | 244 | 53.1 | p > 0.05 | |
SF36 mental health | 345 | 51.7 | 12 months | 200 | 54 | p > 0.05 | |
Emanuel & Begum (2000)[90] | HADS anxiety | 40 | 12.03 | 9 months | 40 | 11.58 | p > 0.05 |
HADS depression | 40 | 8.68 | 9 months | 40 | 8.3 | p > 0.05 | |
MYMOP symptom 1 | 31 | 4.58 | 9 months | 31 | 4.1 | p > 0.05 | |
MYMOP symptom 2 | 25 | 3.92 | 9 months | 25 | 3.48 | p > 0.05 | |
MYMOP activity 1 | 27 | 4.67 | 9 months | 27 | 4.26 | p > 0.05 | |
MYMOP wellbeing | 31 | 4.13 | 9 months | 31 | 3.71 | p > 0.05 | |
MYMOP profile | 31 | 4.45 | 9 months | 31 | 3.94 | p > 0.05 | |
Greasley (2003)[95] | SF36 physical functioning | 22 | 39.09 | 6 months | 22 | 48.64 | p > 0.05 |
SF36 physical functioning | 22 | 39.09 | 12 months | 22 | 57.50 | p > 0.05 | |
SF36 role functioning physical | 22 | 30.11 | 6 months | 22 | 36.36 | p > 0.05 | |
SF36 role functioning physical | 22 | 30.11 | 12 months | 22 | 40.34 | p > 0.05 | |
SF36 bodily pain | 22 | 30.45 | 6 months | 22 | 25.91 | p > 0.05 | |
SF36 bodily pain | 22 | 30.45 | 12 months | 22 | 29.18 | p > 0.05 | |
SF36 general health | 22 | 22.90 | 6 months | 22 | 31.09 |
p < 0.002
| |
SF36 general health | 22 | 22.90 | 12 months | 22 | 33.59 |
p < 0.076
| |
SF36 vitality | 22 | 25.28 | 6 months | 22 | 26.98 |
ANOVA across 3 time points, p < 0.079
| |
SF36 vitality | 22 | 25.28 | 12 months | 22 | 33.52 | ||
SF36 social functioning | 22 | 34.09 | 6 months | 22 | 43.75 |
ANOVA across 3 time points, p < 0.077
| |
SF36 social functioning | 22 | 34.09 | 12 months | 22 | 43.75 | ||
SF36 role functioning emotional | 22 | 34.85 | 6 months | 22 | 47.72 | p > 0.05 | |
SF36 role functioning emotional | 22 | 34.85 | 12 months | 22 | 39.77 | p > 0.05 | |
SF36 mental health | 22 | 37.14 | 6 months | 22 | 42.85 | p > 0.05 | |
SF36 mental health | 22 | 37.14 | 12 months | 22 | 47.86 |
p < 0.076
| |
Greasley (2003)[95] cont. | HADS anxiety | 22 | 13.31 | 6 months | 22 | 11.73 |
ANOVA across 3 time points, p < 0.051
|
HADS anxiety | 22 | 13.31 | 12 months | 22 | 11.36 | ||
HADS depression | 22 | 10.59 | 6 months | 22 | 10.41 | p > 0.05 | |
HADS depression | 22 | 10.59 | 12 months | 22 | 9.59 | p > 0.05 | |
Veitch (1995) – GP[21] | NHP total score | 52 | Not reported | 6 months | 52 | Not reported | p-0.6344 |
NHP energy | 52 | Not reported | 6 months | 52 | Not reported | p = 0.3970 | |
NHP pain | 52 | Not reported | 6 months | 52 | Not reported | p = 0.8368 | |
NHP emotional reactions | 52 | Not reported | 6 months | 52 | Not reported | p = 0.4249 | |
NHP sleep | 52 | Not reported | 6 months | 52 | Not reported | p = 0.3138 | |
NHP social isolation | 52 | Not reported | 6 months | 52 | Not reported | p = 0.9011 | |
NHP physical mobility | 52 | Not reported | 6 months | 52 | Not reported | p = 0.8489 | |
Veitch (1995) – mental health[21] | NHP total score | 52 | Not reported | 6 months | 52 | Not reported | p = 0.1084 |
NHP energy | 52 | Not reported | 6 months | 52 | Not reported | p = 0.3359 | |
NHP pain | 52 | Not reported | 6 months | 52 | Not reported |
p = 0.0127
| |
NHP emotional reactions | 52 | Not reported | 6 months | 52 | Not reported |
p = 0.0333
| |
NHP sleep | 52 | Not reported | 6 months | 52 | Not reported | p = 0.1309 | |
NHP social isolation | 52 | Not reported | 6 months | 52 | Not reported | p = 0.8928 | |
NHP physical mobility | 52 | Not reported | 6 months | 52 | Not reported | p = 0.2061 |
Authors (date) | Sample size and composition | Sample selection strategy | Data collection method | Summary of results |
---|---|---|---|---|
Abbott & Hobby (1999)[79] | 48 clients | all clients whose income increased as a result of the advice | structured interview | 69% felt increase in income "affected how they felt about life and/or that their health had improved" |
Borland (2004)[83, 84] | 1088 clients | all clients asked to complete questionnaire | postal questionnaire | 88% felt better after seeing the advice worker |
Broseley Health and Advice Partnership (2004)[86] | unspecified number of clients | not reported | postal questionnaire | 100% "felt less worried or stressed" following the advice 75% "had more money to buy food or provide heating" following the advice 75% "felt better in themselves" following the advice |
Hastie (2003)[98] | 86 clients | not reported | postal questionnaire | 87% thought the service "made a positive difference to them" 83% "felt less worried, calmer and supported" following the advice 60% "felt their health had improved" following the advice 53% "felt that their housing situation had improved" following the advice |
Lishman-Peat & Brown (2002)[105] | 34 clients | not reported | structured interview | 73% "felt happier having been helped by ad advisor, even if that help did not result in extra income" |
Sedgefield and district AIS (2004)[113] | 33 clients | not reported | postal questionnaire | 73% felt advice had "improved quality of life" |
Vaccarello (2004)[115] | unspecified number of clients | 10% random sample of clients invited to take part | postal questionnaire | 98% felt service "had improved their quality of life" 91% said the service "had helped them to keep independent and remain in their own home" 83% "felt they were able to manage more safely in their homes" following the advice 77% felt they "cope better with their day-to-day living" following the advice |
Ferguson & Simmons[93] | unspecified number of clients | not reported | not reported | 46% felt "less anxious or worried" after seeing the advisor 11% "reported an improvement in their health" 13% "reported that they could now afford a better diet" 13% "stated that they could afford increased heating" as a result of the advice |
Health and social outcomes – qualitative studies
Authors (date) | Sample Size | Sample composition | Sample selection strategy | Data collection method | Analytical method |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abbott & Hobby (2002)[34] | 6 | clients | illustrative of "complex interactions between social situation, income and health" | interviews | development of case studies |
Actions (2004)[81] | Not stated | clients | Not stated | questionnaire with free text | non stated – verbatim reporting of free text comments |
Bowran (1997)[85] | 25 | 17 successful claimants, 7 unsuccessful claimants | all those seen in 1996 invited to take part, 43 consented, purposefully sampled | unstructured interviews | grounded theory |
Emanuel & Begum (2000)[90] | 10 | 10 clients | 5 users whose HADS/MYMOP improved, 5 users whose HADS/MYMOP didn't improve/worsened | semi-structured interviews | thematic analysis |
Farmer & Kennedy (2001)[91] | 8 | 4 clients after advice given, 4 clients before and after advice given | clients seen after chosen by random selection, clients seen before and after approached in waiting room and asked to take part | semi-structured interviews | development of case studies and inductive thematic analysis |
Fleming & Golding (1997)[92] | 27 | clients | all clients who gave consent | semi-structured interviews | not stated – description of apparently important areas reported |
Galvin et al (2000)[67, 94] | 10 | clients | service users those with multiple and complex needs | "focused interviews" | illuminative evaluation, thematic content analysis |
Knight (2002)[103] | 28 | service users | not stated | focus groups and telephone unstructured interviews | thematic analysis |
MacMillan & CAB Partnership (2004)[106] | 38 | clients | Those clients who gave permission to be contacted for research | telephone interview | not stated – verbatim reporting of comments given |
Moffatt et al (2004)[70] | 11 | all white, 7 women, age range 46–76 years, all unemployed/retired/unable to work, all chronic health problems, 8 never used welfare advice before | purposeful of those who benefited financially | semi-structured interviews | establish analytical categories, grouping into overarching key themes |
Moffatt (2004)[109] | 25 | 14 in intervention arm, 14 female, mean age 75 | purposeful to get those who did and didn't receive intervention and those who did and didn't benefit financially | semi-structured interviews | development of conceptual framework and thematic charting |
Reading et al (2002)[72] | 10 | 5 service users and 5 non-service users who were eligible and expressed debt concerns at start of project | random selection of two groups represented | semi-structure interviews | modified grounded theory with more descriptive approach |
Sherratt et al (2000)[77] | 41 | 13 patients | 4 patients randomly chosen per month and invited to take part | semi-structured interviews with clients, focus groups with staff | thematic analysis |
Woodcock (2004)[117] | Not stated | clients | all clients seen sent satisfaction questionnaire | postal questionnaire with free text | not stated – verbatim reporting of few text comments |
Financial outcomes
Authors (date) | Number of clients seen | Total lump sum/one off payments gained | Mean lump sum/one off payments per client seen | Recurring benefits gained (per year) | Mean recurring benefits (per year) per client seen |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bennett (1997)[82] | 49 | £28 121.00 | £573.898 | £41 860.00 | £854.29 |
Bundy (2002)[87] | 561 | £183 147.00 | £326.47 | £762 042.00 | £1358.36 |
Bundy (2003)[88] | 818 | £261 231.00 | £319.35 | £474 587.00 | £580.18 |
Coppell et al (1999)[43] | 270 | £15 863.00 | £58.75 | £28 028.00 | £103.81 |
Cornwallis & O;Neill (1997)[65] | 102 | £66 785.00 | £654.75 | not reported | not reported |
Derbyshire CC WRS (1997)[89] | 428 | £73 643.07 | £172.06 | £527 352.90 | £1232.13 |
Derbyshire CC WRS (1998a)[22] | 480 | £117 405.20 | £244.59 | £573 995.20 | £1195.82 |
Derbyshire CC WRS (1998b)[22] | 290 | £56 967.87 | £196.44 | £374 630.40 | £1291.83 |
Frost-Gaskin et al (2003)[66] | 153 | £60 323.34 | £394.27 | £281 805.80 | £1841.87 |
Greasley (2003)[95] & Greasley and Small (2005)[96] | 2484 | £431 198.00 | £173.59 | £1 940 543.00 | £781.22 |
Griffiths (1992)[97] | 157 | £32 708.00 | £208.33 | £87 131.20 | £554.98 |
Hastie (2003)[98] | 492 | £39 688.00 | £80.67 | £173 108.00 | £351.85 |
High Peak CAB (1995)[99] | 39 | not reported | not reported | £38 646.40 | £990.93 |
High Peak CAB (2001)[100] | 236 | £9 069.74 | £38.43 | £24 934.52 | £105.65 |
High Peak CAB (2003)[101] | 156 | £4765.63 | £30.55 | £60 201.96 | £385.91 |
Hoskins et al (in press)[102] | 630 | £119 515.44 | £189.71 | £1 016 908.70 | £1 614.14 |
Memel & Gubbay (1999)[57] | 46 | not reported | not reported | £73 872.00 | £1605.91 |
Memel et al (2002)[24] | 19 | not reported | not reported | £38 725.00 | £2038.16 |
Middlesbrough WR (1999)[107] | 272 | not reported | not reported | £473 053.00 | £1739.17 |
Middleton et al (1993a)[69] | 52 | £10 393.00 | £199.87 | £14 359.00 | £276.13 |
Middleton et al (1993b)[69] | 583 | £12 559.80 | £21.54 | £8 373.20 | £14.36 |
Moffatt (2004)[109] | 25 | £5 766.00 | £230.64 | £37 442.08 | £1497.68 |
Paris & Player (1993)[71] | 150 | £3 371.00 | £22.47 | £54 929.58 | £366.20 |
Reading et al (2002)[72] | 23 | £4 389.00 | £190.83 | £6 480.00 | £281.74 |
Southwark CC MAC (1998)[114] | 621 | £160 593.00 | £258.60 | £390 500.00 | £628.82 |
Vaccarello (2004)[115] | 206 | £11 433.00 | £55.50 | £137 819.00 | £669.02 |
Veitch (1995)[21] – mental health | 35 | £16 122.90 | £460.65 | £25 581.40 | £730.90 |
Veitch (1995)[21] – GP | 37 | £28 783.69 | £777.94 | £74 025.64 | £2000.69 |
Widdowfield & Rickard (1996)[116] | 106 | not reported | not reported | £183 790.20 | £1733.87 |
Totals
|
£1 753 843 and 9038 clients, mean = £194 per client
|
£7 864 910 and 9418 clients, mean = £832 per year per client
|