Background
Methods
Study sample
Study variables
Data analysis
Results
Distribution and time trend of each health risk behavior in study participants
Behavior | Grade 4 (2001) | Grade 5 (2002) | Grade 6 (2003) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
once/twice | many times | every day | ever | Rank | once/twice | many times | every day | ever | Rank | once/twice | many times | every day | ever | Rank | |
Staying up late | 45.13 | 22.43 | 14.73 |
82.29
|
1
| 45.19 | 20.89 | 15.67 |
81.75
|
1
| 39.82 | 29.59 | 19.03 |
88.44
|
1
|
Eating snacks at night | 45.38 | 13.63 | 9.73 |
68.74
|
2
| 46.43 | 11.76 | 9.18 |
67.37
|
2
| 47.28 | 15.52 | 8.75 |
71.55
|
2
|
Watching TV for prolonged periods | 36.73 | 19.83 | 11.58 |
68.14
|
3
| 33.02 | 17.78 | 10.18 |
60.98
|
4
| 36.03 | 20.74 | 12.38 |
69.15
|
4
|
Eating fast food | 56.77 | 5.94 | 1.82 |
64.53
|
4
| 57.64 | 5.00 | 1.32 |
63.96
|
3
| 54.87 | 5.72 | 1.10 |
61.69
|
5
|
Swearing | 46.37 | 9.02 | 3.69 |
59.08
|
5
| 46.08 | 10.33 | 4.03 |
60.44
|
5
| 48.16 | 17.01 | 6.05 |
71.22
|
3
|
Hitting others | 43.53 | 8.98 | 1.82 |
54.33
|
6
| 31.98 | 4.29 | 1.98 |
38.25
|
7
| 39.45 | 7.53 | 2.47 |
49.45
|
6
|
Suppressing urination | 44.56 | 7.01 | 2.43 |
54.00
|
7
| 41.26 | 3.41 | 1.48 |
46.15
|
6
| 41.42 | 5.23 | 0.94 |
47.59
|
7
|
Playing video games for prolonged periods | 29.04 | 8.26 | 5.95 |
43.25
|
8
| 21.37 | 6.77 | 6.17 |
34.31
|
8
| 22.78 | 12.30 | 9.05 |
44.13
|
8
|
Throwing things when angry | 23.19 | 2.65 | 1.82 |
27.66
|
9
| 18.02 | 2.7 | 1.32 |
22.04
|
9
| 22.16 | 3.52 | 1.59 |
27.27
|
9
|
Drinking alcohol | 7.2 | 0.93 | 0.33 |
8.46
|
10
| 5.39 | 0.55 | 0.06 |
6.00
|
11
| 4.18 | 0.66 | 0.38 |
5.22
|
11
|
Vandalism | 6.35 | 0.55 | 0.17 |
7.07
|
11
| 6.27 | 0.66 | 0.33 |
7.26
|
10
| 7.20 | 0.88 | 0.22 |
8.30
|
10
|
Smoking | 1.16 | 0.17 | 0.06 |
1.39
|
12
| 0.82 | 0.11 | 0.05 |
0.98
|
12
| 0.71 | 0.11 | 0.00 |
0.82
|
12
|
Chewing betel nut | 0.55 | 0.33 | 0.11 |
0.99
|
13
| 0.33 | 0.00 | 0.05 |
0.38
|
13
| 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.00 |
0.16
|
13
|
Behaviors | Total | Boys | Girls | |||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grade 4 (2001) | Grade 5 (2002) | Grade 6 (2003) | Linear trend analysis | Grade 4 (2001) | Grade 5 (2002) | Grade 6 (2003) | Linear trend analysis | Grade 4 (2001) | Grade 5 (2002) | Grade 6 (2003) | Linear trend analysis | |||||||||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | T value | Sig. | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | T value | Sig. | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | T value | Sig. | |
1. Swearing | 1.75 | 0.77 | 1.79 | 0.78 | 2.00 | 0.84 | 11.87 | *** | 1.86 | 0.81 | 1.91 | 0.83 | 2.11 | 0.83 | 8.56 | *** | 1.65 | 0.71 | 1.66 | 0.71 | 1.89 | 0.83 | 8.24 | *** |
2. Staying up late | 2.34 | 0.93 | 2.34 | 0.95 | 2.56 | 0.93 | 8.56 | *** | 2.38 | 0.95 | 2.38 | 0.99 | 2.57 | 0.93 | 5.18 | *** | 2.30 | 0.92 | 2.29 | 0.90 | 2.55 | 0.92 | 7.03 | *** |
3. Playing video games for prolonged periods | 1.63 | 0.87 | 1.53 | 0.87 | 1.75 | 0.99 | 4.61 | *** | 1.86 | 0.97 | 1.80 | 1.00 | 1.99 | 1.08 | 3.30 | ** | 1.39 | 0.66 | 1.25 | 0.57 | 1.48 | 0.80 | 3.29 | ** |
4. Vandalism | 1.08 | 0.31 | 1.09 | 0.33 | 1.10 | 0.34 | 1.67 | - | 1.12 | 0.38 | 1.12 | 0.40 | 1.13 | 0.39 | 0.34 | - | 1.04 | 0.19 | 1.05 | 0.24 | 1.06 | 0.28 | 2.68 | ** |
5. Watching TV for prolonged periods | 2.11 | 0.98 | 1.99 | 0.99 | 2.15 | 1.00 | 1.35 | - | 2.18 | 1.02 | 2.05 | 1.04 | 2.17 | 1.02 | -0.28 | - | 2.04 | 0.94 | 1.92 | 0.93 | 2.12 | 0.97 | 2.36 | * |
6. Eating snacks at night | 2.02 | 0.92 | 1.97 | 0.90 | 2.05 | 0.89 | 1.10 | - | 2.01 | 0.94 | 2.03 | 0.94 | 2.09 | 0.92 | 2.14 | * | 2.03 | 0.89 | 1.92 | 0.85 | 2.00 | 0.85 | -0.71 | - |
7. Throwing things when angry | 1.34 | 0.62 | 1.27 | 0.58 | 1.34 | 0.62 | -0.01 | - | 1.40 | 0.68 | 1.33 | 0.64 | 1.39 | 0.67 | -0.57 | - | 1.28 | 0.55 | 1.22 | 0.50 | 1.29 | 0.57 | 0.73 | - |
8. Smoking | 1.02 | 0.15 | 1.01 | 0.13 | 1.01 | 0.11 | -1.77 | - | 1.03 | 0.20 | 1.02 | 0.17 | 1.01 | 0.12 | -2.28 | * | 1.00 | 0.08 | 1.00 | 0.07 | 1.01 | 0.09 | 0.61 | - |
9. Eating fast food | 1.74 | 0.65 | 1.72 | 0.62 | 1.70 | 0.63 | -2.42 | * | 1.77 | 0.67 | 1.74 | 0.64 | 1.73 | 0.65 | -1.61 | - | 1.71 | 0.63 | 1.69 | 0.59 | 1.66 | 0.59 | -1.85 | - |
10. Hitting others | 1.67 | 0.71 | 1.46 | 0.67 | 1.62 | 0.73 | -2.47 | * | 1.72 | 0.74 | 1.46 | 0.67 | 1.58 | 0.72 | -4.76 | *** | 1.61 | 0.68 | 1.47 | 0.68 | 1.66 | 0.75 | 1.45 | - |
11. Chewing betel nut | 1.02 | 0.17 | 1.00 | 0.09 | 1.00 | 0.06 | -3.57 | *** | 1.03 | 0.22 | 1.01 | 0.12 | 1.00 | 0.08 | -3.14 | ** | 1.00 | 0.08 | 1.00 | 0.03 | 1.00 | 0.00 | -1.85 | - |
12. Drinking alcohol | 1.10 | 0.36 | 1.07 | 0.28 | 1.07 | 0.31 | -3.62 | *** | 1.13 | 0.41 | 1.09 | 0.33 | 1.07 | 0.34 | -3.95 | *** | 1.07 | 0.28 | 1.04 | 0.20 | 1.06 | 0.28 | -0.78 | - |
13. Suppressing urination | 1.66 | 0.71 | 1.53 | 0.64 | 1.55 | 0.64 | -5.94 | *** | 1.65 | 0.74 | 1.50 | 0.62 | 1.52 | 0.63 | -4.77 | *** | 1.67 | 0.69 | 1.55 | 0.65 | 1.58 | 0.65 | -3.57 | *** |
Latent structure of health risk behaviors
Factor 1 | Factor 2 | Factor 3 | |
---|---|---|---|
Behavior | aggressive behaviors | substance use behaviors | unhealthy habits |
Hitting others |
0.751
| 0.006 | 0.081 |
Swearing |
0.702
| 0.000 | 0.057 |
Throwing things when angry |
0.645
| 0.118 | 0.190 |
Vandalism |
0.434
| 0.215 | 0.026 |
Smoking | 0.066 |
0.829
| 0.017 |
Chewing betel nut | 0.021 |
0.797
| 0.017 |
Drinking alcohol | 0.149 |
0.678
| 0.070 |
Eating fast food | 0.065 | --0.009 |
0.583
|
Eating snacks at night | --0.045 | 0.055 |
0.578
|
Staying up late | --0.030 | 0.033 |
0.544
|
Watching TV for prolonged periods | 0.290 | 0.003 |
0.520
|
Playing video games for prolonged periods | 0.295 | 0.100 |
0.498
|
Suppressing urination | 0.309 | --0.041 |
0.393
|
Eigenvalue | 2.689 | 1.682 | 1.141 |
Explained variance (%) | 0.207 | 0.129 | 0.088 |
Cumulative explained variance (%) | 0.207 | 0.336 | 0.424 |
Cronbach's α | 0.5935 | 0.6638 | 0.5200 |
Description and longitudinal trends of aggregated health risk behaviors
Aggressive behaviors | Substance use behaviors | Unhealthy habits | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grade 4 | Grade 5 | Grade 6 | Grade 4 | Grade 5 | Grade 6 | Grade 4 | Grade 5 | Grade 6 | |
Mean | 5.85 | 5.61 | 6.06 | 3.13 | 3.08 | 3.08 | 11.50 | 11.08 | 11.74 |
Standard deviation | 1.70 | 1.66 | 1.79 | 0.54 | 0.38 | 0.36 | 2.77 | 2.83 | 2.87 |
Unhealthy habits | Aggressive behavior | Substance using behavior | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||||
Fixed effects | Coef. | SD. | Coef. | SD. | Coef. | SD. | Coef. | SD. | Coef. | SD. | Coef. | SD. |
Intercept | 10.680* | 0.113 | 10.676* | 0.113 | 5.321* | 0.069 | 5.321* | 0.069 | 3.097* | 0.017 | 3.097* | 0.017 |
Time | 0.119* | 0.036 | 0.119* | 0.036 | 0.104* | 0.022 | 0.104* | 0.022 | -0.027* | 0.006 | -0.027* | 0.006 |
Boy vs. Girl | 0.758* | 0.102 | 0.419* | 0.062 | 0.072* | 0.014 | ||||||
Hsinchu vs. Taipei | 0.287* | 0.102 | 0.194* | 0.062 | 0.037* | 0.014 | ||||||
Random effects | Var. | SD. | Var. | SD. | Var. | SD. | Var. | SD. | Var. | SD. | Var. | SD. |
Individual variability | 3.156* | 0.161 | 3.156* | 0.161 | 1.135* | 0.059 | 1.135* | 0.059 | 0.039* | 0.003 | 0.039* | 0.003 |
Time variability | 4.709* | 0.110 | 4.709* | 0.110 | 1.789* | 0.042 | 1.789* | 0.042 | 0.146* | 0.003 | 0.146* | 0.003 |