Background
Methods
Study population
Sample A (N = 140) | Sample B (N = 139) | P-value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | n | % | n | ||
Urogynaecologist referral for physiotherapy | 45.7 | 64 | 46.7 | 65 | 0.94 |
Type UI (stress UI) | 87.9 | 123 | 84.2 | 117 | 0.38 |
Age (year) (mean; SD) | 46.8(8.2) | 48.4 (8.2) | 0.11 | ||
<45 | 36.4 | 51 | 31.7 | 44 | |
45–54 | 45.7 | 64 | 45.3 | 63 | 0.15 |
>54 | 17.9 | 25 | 23.0 | 32 | |
Educational level (low) | 25.0 | 35 | 25.0 | 35 | 0.96 |
Parity (mean number; SD) | 1.74 (1.3) | 1.58 (1.4) | 0.31 | ||
0 | 34.3 | 48 | 28.6 | 36 | |
1–2 | 43.6 | 61 | 53.6 | 71 | 0.27 |
≥ 3 | 22.1 | 31 | 17.8 | 32 | |
Onset UI symptoms (year) (mean; SD) | 5.4 (7.0) | 6.7 (7.9) | 0.17 | ||
<1 | 32.1 | 45 | 36.0 | 50 | |
1–5 | 35.7 | 50 | 37.4 | 52 | 0.33 |
>5 | 32.1 | 45 | 26.6 | 37 | |
Menopausal status (pre [vs. post]) | 61.4 | 86 | 64.0 | 89 | 0.66 |
Physical health (poor) | 23.6 | 33 | 17.3 | 24 | 0.19 |
Body Mass Index (> 30 kg/m2) | 9.4 | 13 | 9.3 | 13 | 0.98 |
Previous UI surgery (> 6 months ago) a
| 20.1 | 28 | 32.1 | 45 |
0.02
|
Co morbidity (yes) b
| 24.5 | 34 | 27.9 | 39 | 0.52 |
Low back pain (>12 weeks) c
| 12.9 | 18 | 10.1 | 14 | 0.44 |
PRAFAB questionnaire
Protection |
1. I never use protection for urine loss |
2. I sometimes use protection, or I have to change my underwear because of urine loss |
3. I normally use protection, or change my underwear several times a day because of urine loss |
4. I always have to use protection because of urinary incontinence |
Amount
|
1. The amount of urine loss is just a drop or less |
2. Sometimes I loose a trickle |
3. The loss of urine is so much that it wets noticeably my protection or clothes |
4. The loss of urine is so much that my protection is soaked or leaks |
Frequency
|
Involuntary loss of urine occurs:
|
1. Once a week or less |
2. More than once but less than three times a week |
3. More than three times a week, but not every day |
4. Every day |
Adjustment
|
Implications of urine loss:
|
1. I am not hampered in my daily activities |
2. I have stopped some activities, such as some sports and physically demanding activities |
3. I have stopped most physical activities that caused involuntary loss of urine |
4. I almost never go out |
Body (or self) image
|
1. I am not bothered by my urine loss |
2. I think urine loss is annoying and troublesome, but I am not greatly bothered by it |
3. Urine loss makes me feel dirty |
4. I am disgusted by myself because of my urinary incontinence |
Total score:
|
Factor analyses
Internal consistency
Construct validity
Statistical analyses
Results
Distributional characteristics of the 5-item PRAFAB questionnaire
Study A (N = 140) | Study B (N = 139) | P-value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Median | Range | Mean (SD) | Median | Range | ||
Protection | 2.74 (0.97) | 3 | 1–4 | 2.83 (0.92) | 3 | 1–4 | 0.39 |
Amount | 2.37 (0.71) | 2 | 1–4 | 2.45 (0.68) | 2 | 1–4 | 0.33 |
Frequency | 2.94 (1.11) | 3 | 1–4 | 2.97 (1.01) | 3 | 1–4 | 0.82 |
Adjustment | 1.44 (0.66)b
| 1 | 1–3 | 1.42 (0.64)b
| 1 | 1–3 | 0.89 |
Body image | 2.36 (0.49) | 2 | 2–4 | 2.35 (0.52) | 2 | 2–4 | 0.85 |
Total score | 11.85 (2.61) | 12 | 7–18 | 12.04 (2.53) | 12 | 6–18 | 0.55 |
Factor analyses
Exploratory factor analyses in Sample A
Exploratory Factor Analysis | Confirmatory Factor Analysis | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample A (N = 140) | Sample B (N = 139) | |||||
Simple structure | Maximum Likelihood d
| |||||
Factor 1 | Factor 2 | Factor 1 | Factor 2 | Factor 1 | Factor 2 | |
Protection |
0.85
| 0.06 |
0.81
| 0.23 |
0.71
| 0.21 |
Amount |
0.83
| 0.23 |
0.76
| 0.14 |
0.57
| 0.13 |
Frequency |
0.66
|
0.40
|
0.73
| 0.37 |
0.58
| 0.31 |
Adjustment | 0.08 |
0.79
| 0.25 |
0.78
| 0.28 |
0.40
|
Body (or self) image | 0.35 |
0.77
| 0.24 |
0.84
| 0.26 |
0.93
|
Eigenvalue before rotation a
| 2.14 | 1.05 | 2.06 | 1.04 | 1.25 | 1.09 |
Explained variance (%) b
| 42.8% | 21.2% | 41.2% | 20.8% | 25.1% | 21.8% |
Eigenvalue after rotation a,c
| 1.99 | 1.48 | 1.87 | 1.53 | 1.19 | 1.31 |
Confirmatory factor analyses in Sample B
Internal consistency
Sample A (N = 140) | Sample B (N = 139) | |
---|---|---|
Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha): | ||
Factor 1: leakage severity | 0.82 | 0.78 a
|
Factor 2: perceived impact | 0.84 | 0.82 a
|
Inter-factor correlations | 0.31b
| 0.31 b
|
Item-total correlations (range): | ||
Factor 1: leakage severity | 0.67 – 0.83 | 0.67 – 0.85 |
Factor 2: perceived impact | 0.76 – 0.87 | 0.74 – 0.84 |
Construct validity
N (%) | Total score | Leakage severity | Perceived impact | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. Referrer | ||||
GP | 150 (53.8) | 11.46 (2.39) | 7.69 (1.96) | 3.51 (0.65) |
Urogynaecologist | 129 (46.2) |
12.52 (2.67) *
|
8.72 (2.19) *
|
4.10 (1.10) *
|
2. Type of stress UI | ||||
Stress UI | 240 (0.86) | 11.85 (2.52) | 8.09 (2.16) | 3.69 (0.86) |
Mixed UIa
| 39 (0.14) | 12.49 (2.83) | 8.60 (1.90) |
4.30 (1.11) *
|
3. Education | ||||
Low/middle | 209 (74.9) | 12.10 (2.54) | 8.43 (2.01) | 3.86 (0.98) |
High | 70 (25.1) | 11.53 (2.62) |
7.43 (1.91) *
|
3.41 (0.75) #
|
4. Physical health | ||||
Poor | 57 (20.4) |
12.30 (2.74) #
|
8.91 (2.03) *
| 3.70 (0.96) |
Moderate-excellent | 222 (79.6) | 11.85 (2.52) | 7.96 (2.10) | 3.80 (0.93) |
5. Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | ||||
< 30 | 253 (90.7) | 11.97 (2.56) | 8.16 (2.14) | 3.83 (0.93) |
≥ 30 | 26 (9.3) | 11.69 (2.65) | 8.15 (1.95) |
3.34 (0.74) #
|
6. Failed UI surgery b
| ||||
No | 206 (26.2) | 11.67 (2.52) | 7.93 (2.06) | 3.66 (0.81) |
Yes | 73 (26.2) |
12.71 (2.54) *
|
8.81 (2.17) *
|
4.11 (1.14) *
|
7. Co morbidity (yes) c
| ||||
No | 206 (73.8) | 11.68 (2.59) | 7.93 (2.22) | 3.71 (0.85) |
Yes | 73 (26.2) |
12.68 (2.37)*
|
8.81 (1.66) *
|
3.96 (1.01) #
|
8. Low back pain d
| ||||
No | 247 (88.5) | 11.81 (2.55) | 8.05 (2.12) | 3.77 (0.93) |
Yes | 32 (11.5) |
13.00 (2.46) #
|
9.00 (1.93) #
| 3.84 (0.88) |