Background
Methods
Patients
Imaging
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Execution of the study
Contrasting the vessels
Parameters measured
Statistics
Results
Anatomical peculiarities
Dimensions and position of the kidneys-normal kidney size
Side | Mean | Median | SD | p (Wilcoxon test) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kidney length
| right | 108.5 | 108 | 12.2 | <0.0001 |
left | 111.3 | 111 | 12.6 | ||
Parenchymal width
| right | 15.4 | 15.4 | 2.8 | <0.0001 |
left | 15.8 | 15.8 | 2.7 | ||
Cortical width
| right | 6.6 | 6.5 | 1.9 | >0.05 (ns) |
left | 6.6 | 6.5 | 2.0 | ||
Width (axial planes)
| right | 51.3 | 50.8 | 7.8 | <0.0001 |
left | 53.3 | 52.9 | 8.2 | ||
Length (axial planes)
| right | 57.7 | 57.4 | 8.0 | <0.0001 |
left | 53.6 | 52.9 | 8.2 | ||
Width of the pyelon
| right | 18.5 | 17.6 | 6.2 | <0.0001 |
left | 19.9 | 19.1 | 6.3 | ||
Position of the midpoint of the renal pelvis
| right | 2.2 | 2.2 | 0.7 | <0.0001 |
left | 2.1 | 2.1 | 0.6 | ||
Position of the upper pole of the right kidney
| right | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.8 | <0.0001 |
left | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.9 | ||
Rotation status in sagittal planes (upper pole versus lower pole in relation to a reference coronal plane)
| right | 25.8 | 25.3 | 11.1 | >0.05 (ns) |
left | 24.3 | 11.0 | 23.8 | ||
Rotation status of the renal pelvis in the axial plane, in relation to the reference sagittal median plane
| right | 60.3 | 58.4 | 18.1 | <0.0001 |
left | 53.5 | 49.0 | 22.5 | ||
Parenchym/pyelon ratio
| right | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.4 | >0.05 (ns) |
left | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.5 |
Mean | Median | 95% Confidence interval of mean | SD | 2% Percentile | 10% Percentile | 90% Percentile | 98% Percentile | Wilcoxon test | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(mm) | (mm) | Lower | Upper | (mm) | (mm) | (mm) | (mm) | (mm) | p value | ||
Women
|
Kidney length right side
| 103.8 | 104 | 102.8 | 104.9 | 11.1 | 79.6 | 90.31 | 117.9 | 128.0 | <0.0001 |
Kidney length left side
| 106.3 | 106 | 105.3 | 107.4 | 11.5 | 82.5 | 92.12 | 121.9 | 130.9 | ||
Parenchymal width right
| 14.5 | 14.4 | 14.3 | 14.7 | 2.6 | 8.9 | 14.26 | 14.74 | 20.4 | <0.0001 | |
Parenchymal width left
| 15 | 14.8 | 14.7 | 15.2 | 2.4 | 10.7 | 12.3 | 18.4 | 20.2 | ||
Cortical width right side
| 6.2 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.3 | 1.3 | 3.8 | 4.6 | 8.2 | 9.4 | ns | |
Cortical width left side
| 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.1 | 6.3 | 1.2 | 3.7 | 4.7 | 7.7 | 8.6 | ||
Width right (axial planes)
| 48 | 47.2 | 47.3 | 48.6 | 7.2 | 34.9 | 40.2 | 57.6 | 65.2 | <0.0001 | |
Width left (axial planes)
| 49.4 | 49.3 | 48.7 | 50.1 | 7.4 | 35.8 | 40.6 | 58.1 | 67.6 | ||
Length right (axial planes)
| 55.8 | 55.8 | 55 | 56.6 | 7.9 | 39.5 | 46.8 | 64.6 | 73.9 | <0.0001 | |
Length left (axial planes)
| 51.2 | 50.8 | 50.4 | 52.1 | 8.3 | 35.6 | 42 | 61.9 | 71.5 | ||
Width of the pyelon (right side)
| 16.9 | 16.1 | 16.4 | 17.4 | 5.7 | 7.5 | 10.3 | 11.5 | 31.3 | <0.0001 | |
Width of the pyelon (left side)
| 18.0 | 17.1 | 17.5 | 18.5 | 5.6 | 9.1 | 24.6 | 26.0 | 30.9 | ||
Parenchym/pyelon ratio (right side)
| 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 1.8 | = 0.0215 | |
Parenchym/pyelon ratio (left side)
| 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 1.8 | ||
Men
|
Kidney length right side
| 112.0 | 112.0 | 111.1 | 113.0 | 11.6 | 87.8 | 99.0 | 126.0 | 136.4 | <0.0001 |
Kidney length left side
| 114.9 | 115.0 | 113.9 | 115.9 | 12.0 | 88.0 | 100.0 | 130.0 | 140.0 | ||
Parenchymal width right
| 16.3 | 16.1 | 15.9 | 16.4 | 2.7 | 10.4 | 12.9 | 19.5 | 21.8 | = 0.0002 | |
Parenchymal width left
| 16.5 | 16.4 | 16.3 | 16.7 | 2.4 | 11.3 | 13.2 | 19.8 | 22.3 | ||
Cortical width right side
| 6.8 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 7.0 | 2.2 | 3.9 | 5.0 | 8.6 | 10.2 | = 0.0470 | |
Cortical width left side
| 7.0 | 6.9 | 6.8 | 7.2 | 2.7 | 4.3 | 5.0 | 8.8 | 10.1 | ||
Width right (axial planes)
| 53.9 | 53.4 | 53.3 | 54.5 | 7.2 | 39.7 | 45.4 | 63.0 | 70.2 | <0.0001 | |
Width left (axial planes)
| 56.4 | 56.3 | 55.8 | 57.4 | 7.5 | 42.1 | 47.4 | 65.6 | 73.1 | ||
Length right (axial planes)
| 59.3 | 58.9 | 58.5 | 60.0 | 7.9 | 44.5 | 50.0 | 69.0 | 78.0 | <0.0001 | |
Length left (axial planes)
| 55.5 | 54.5 | 54.8 | 56.3 | 8.0 | 39.6 | 45.9 | 66.5 | 74.4 | ||
Width of the pyelon (right side)
| 19.7 | 18.7 | 19.1 | 20.2 | 19.7 | 8.3 | 12.5 | 28.0 | 35.06 | <0.0001 | |
Width of the pyelon (left side)
| 21.5 | 20.7 | 20.9 | 22.0 | 21.5 | 9.6 | 13.8 | 30.7 | 35.1 | ||
Parenchym/pyelon ratio (right side)
| 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 1.4 | 2.0 | <0.0001 | |
Parenchym/pyelon ratio (left side)
| 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 1.8 |
Kidney size in relation to age, height, and BMI
Parenchyma-renal pyelon ratio
Kidney width and length in axial slices
Sizes in the absence of a contralateral kidney
Sizes of duplex systems
Sizes of kidneys with several arteries
Factors influencing cortical width, parenchymal width, and kidney length
Right side | Factor | β | P value | Step of entry |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kidney length (pole to pole)
|
Height
| 0.35 | <0.001 | 1 |
BMI
| 0.22 | <0.001 | 2 | |
Stenosis of renal arteries
| -0.15 | <0.001 | 3 | |
Male gender
| 0.2 | <0.001 | 4 | |
Cranial position
| 0.16 | <0.001 | 5 | |
Ventral position
| -0.157 | <0.001 | 6 | |
Absence of left kidney
| 0.102 | <0.001 | 7 | |
Parapelvic cysts
| 0.09 | = 0.001 | 8 | |
Cortical width
|
Male gender
| 0.123 | <0.002 | 3 |
Age
| -0.114 | = 0.001 | 2 | |
BMI
| 0.105 | = 0.002 | 1 | |
Caudal position
| -0.084 | = 0.019 | 7 | |
Stenosis of renal arteries
| -0.074 | = 0.024 | 5 | |
Absence of left kidney
| 0.71 | = 0.021 | 4 | |
Parapelvic cysts
| -0.071 | = 0.022 | 6 | |
Number of renal arteries
| 0.069 | = 0.026 | 8 | |
Parenchymal width
|
Male gender
| 0.22 | <0.001 | 1 |
BMI
| 0.15 | <0.001 | 3 | |
Height
| 0.12 | <0.001 | 2 | |
Ventral position
| -0.1 | = 0.005 | 4 | |
Parapelvic cysts
| -0.1 | <0.001 | 5 | |
Caudal position
| -0.09 | = 0.005 | 7 | |
Absence of the left kidney
| 0.084 | = 0.004 | 6 | |
Age
| -0.73 | = 0.026 | 8 | |
Left side
|
Factor
|
β
|
P value
|
Step of entry
|
Kidney length (pole to pole)
|
Height
| 0.34 | <0.001 | 1 |
BMI
| 0.19 | <0.001 | 2 | |
Male gender
| 0.17 | <0.001 | 5 | |
Ventral position
| -0.14 | <0.001 | 6 | |
Cranial position
| 0.13 | <0.001 | 7 | |
Absence of right kidney
| 0.1 | <0.001 | 4 | |
Number of renal arteries
| 0.1 | <0.001 | 3 | |
Stenoses of renal arteries
| -0.07 | = 0.01 | 8 | |
Previous infarction
| -0.07 | = 0.014 | 9 | |
Cortical width
|
BMI
| 0.152 | <0.001 | 3 |
Age
| -0.151 | <0.001 | 2 | |
Male gender
| 0.142 | <0.001 | 1 | |
Absence of the right kidney
| 0.079 | = 0.012 | 4 | |
Parenchymal width
|
BMI
| 0.19 | <0.001 | 1 |
Height
| 0.17 | <0.001 | 2 | |
Male gender
| 0.14 | <0.001 | 3 | |
Age
| -0.14 | <0.001 | 4 | |
Absence of the right kidney
| 0.11 | <0.001 | 5 | |
Stenosis of a renal artery
| -0.09 | = 0.003 | 6 | |
Constriction of the left renal vein in the aortomesenteric angle
| -0.08 | = 0.012 | 7 |