Background
Methods
Plant collection
Plant species | Family | Medicinal uses | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Brachylaena discolor
| Asteraceae (267) | Purgatives against intestinal parasites, anthelmintics for calves, sheep and goats | |
Zanthoxylum capense
| Rutaceae (96) | Gastric and intestinal disorders, anthelmintics, cough, bronchitis, pleurisy | |
Clerodendrum glabrum
| Lamiaceae (403) | Intestinal parasites, coughs, fever and diabetes | |
Heteromorpha trifoliata
| Apiaceae (491) | Intestinal worms, colic in horses and vermifuge, enemas for abdominal disorders | |
Apodytes dimidiata
| Icacinaceae (139) | Enemas for intestinal parasites, purgatives, inflammation of the ear | |
Strychnos mitis
| Strychnaceae (73) | Malaria, Fevers | [11] |
Maesa lanceolata
| Maesaceae (615) | Anthelmintics, treatment of wounds and infertility | [8] |
Indigofera frutescens
| Papilionaceae (675) | Anthelmintics | [8] |
Leucosidea sericea
| Rosaceae (288) | Treatment of opthalmia, anthelmintics, astringents and vermifuge | |
Melia azedarach
| Meliaceae (702) | Effective anthelmintics, emetic, cathartic and treatment of eczema | |
Clausena anisata
| Rutaceae (317) | Anthelmintics, purgatives, rheumatism, fevers and myiasis | [14] |
Cyathea dregei
| Cyatheaceae (658) | Anthelmintics | [14] |
Milletia grandis
| Papilionaceae (704) | Anthelmintics and tranquilizers |
Plant extraction
Chromatographic analysis
Antifungal activity
Cytotoxicity assay using MTT
Bioautographic investigations
Results
Plant species yield
Phytochemical analysis
Bioautography
Antifungal activity of extracts
Time and fungus | 12h AF | 24h AF | 12h CA | 24h CA | 12h CN | 24h CN | Average 12 h | Average 24h | Degree FCA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brachylaena discolor
| 0.31 | 0.61 | 0.31 | 0.31 |
0.08
| 0.16 | 0.23 | 0.36 | 65 |
Zanthoxylum capense
|
0.04
|
0.08
| 0.16 | 0.31 |
0.08
|
0.08
|
0.09
| 0.16 | 60 |
Clerodendrum glabrum
|
0.04
|
0.08
| 0.31 | 0.63 |
0.08
| 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.29 | 49 |
Heteromorpha trifoliata
| 0.63 | 1.25 | 0.31 | 0.63 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.37 | 0.68 | 54 |
Apodytes dimidiata
| 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.63 |
0.08
| 0.16 | 0.23 | 0.37 | 64 |
Strychnos mitis
| 0.31 | 0.63 | 0.31 | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.42 | 0.63 | 66 |
Maesa lanceolata
| 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.16 | 0.31 | 0.16 | 0.63 | 0.21 | 0.42 | 50 |
Indigofera frutescens
|
0.08
| 0.31 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.13 | 0.21 | 63 |
Leucosidea sericea
| 0.16 | 1.25 | 0.31 | 0.31 |
0.08
| 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.57 | 32 |
Melia azedarach
| 0.31 | 0.63 | 0.16 | 0.31 | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.37 | 0.52 | 70 |
Clausena anisata
|
0.02
|
0.04
| 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 98 |
Cyathea dregei
| 0.16 | 0.31 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.52 | 0.57 | 91 |
Milletia grandis
|
0.04
|
0.08
| 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.28 | 0.29 | 95 |
Average
| 0.21 | 0.45 | 0.35 | 0.48 | 0.24 | 0.30 | 0.26 | 0.41 | 65.9 |
A. fumigatus
|
C. albicans
|
C. neoformans
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Incubation time
|
12
|
24
|
12
|
24
|
12
|
24
|
Brachylaena discolor
| 213 | 108 | 213 | 213 | 825 | 413 |
Zanthoxylum capense
| 405 | 203 | 101 | 52 | 203 | 203 |
Clerodendrum glabrum
| 798 | 399 | 103 | 51 | 199 | 51 |
Heteromorpha trifoliata
| 40 | 20 | 82 | 40 | 159 | 159 |
Apodytes dimidiata
| 392 | 392 | 392 | 193 | 1518 | 434 |
Strychnos mitis
| 242 | 119 | 242 | 119 | 119 | 144 |
Maesa lanceolata
| 180 | 349 | 349 | 180 | 349 | 89 |
Indigofera frutescens
| 513 | 132 | 256 | 256 | 256 | 256 |
Leucosidea sericea
| 783 | 100 | 404 | 404 | 1566 | 783 |
Melia azedarach
| 148 | 73 | 286 | 150 | 73 | 73 |
Clausena anisata
| 3395 | 1698 | 108 | 108 | 424 | 424 |
Cyathea dregei
| 313 | 161 | 40 | 40 | 313 | 313 |
Milletia grandis
| 618 | 309 | 154 | 154 | 39 | 39 |
Cytotoxicity and therapeutic index
Plant species
|
Cytotoxicity
|
A. fumigatus
|
C. albicans
|
C. neoformans
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Brachylaena discolor
|
0.004
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.05
|
Zanthoxylum capense
|
0.008
|
0.2
|
0.05
|
0.1
|
Clerodendrum glabrum
|
0.172
|
4.3
|
0.55
|
2.15
|
Heteromorpha trifoliata
|
0.043
|
0.27
|
0.55
|
0.27
|
Apodytes dimidiata
|
0.003
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.04
|
Strychnos mitis
|
0.043
|
0.14
|
0.14
|
0.07
|
Maesa lanceolata
|
0.104
|
0.34
|
0.65
|
0.65
|
Indigofera frutescens
|
0.052
|
0.65
|
0.33
|
0.33
|
Leucosidea sericea
|
0.016
|
0.1
|
0.05
|
0.2
|
Melia azedarach
|
0.145
|
0.47
|
0.91
|
0.23
|
Clausena anisata
|
0.053
|
2.65
|
0.08
|
0.33
|
Cyathea dregei
|
0.017
|
0.11
|
0.01
|
0.11
|
Milletia grandis
|
0.021
|
0.53
|
0.13
|
0.03
|