Background
Methods
Plant material and extraction
Plant (family); and voucher numbera
| Traditional uses | Parts used traditionally | Bioactive or potentially bioactive components | Bioactivities of extracts and/or compounds |
---|---|---|---|---|
Amarantus hybridus Linn (Amarantaceae); 15630 HNC | Leaves, seeds | |||
Vernonia calvoana (H.F.) Hook | leaves | |||
(Asteraceae); 42401/HNC | ||||
Lactuca sativa Linn; (Asteraceae); 25624/SRF.Cam | leaves | |||
Lactuca capensis Thumb (Asteraceae); 27743 HNC | antispasmodic, digestive, diuretic, hypnotic, narcotic and sedative properties. treatment of insomnia, anxiety, neuroses, hyperactivity in children, dry coughs, whooping cough, rheumatic pain, chronic join pains [36] | leaves | lactucarium, sesquiterpene lactone [37] | |
Sechium edule (Jacq) SW (Cucurbitaceae); 42459/HNC
| urine retention, kidney diseases, arteriosclerosis, hypertension [38] | leaves | ||
Manihot esculenta Crantz | hypertension, headache and pain, irritable bowel syndrome. fever, headache, aches and pains [44] | leaves | 3-rutinosides of kaempferol and quercetin; the cyanogenic glycosides, lotaustralin and linamarin, from the fresh leaves of cassava [45] | anthelmintic activity of crude extracts antibacterial [46] |
(Euphorbiaceae); 57650/HNC | leaves | |||
Phaseolus vulgaris Linn (Fabaceae); 42587/HNC | osteoporosis prevention, diuretic, eczema, antiglycemic [47] | cloves | ascorbic acid, phenol, alkaloids, sterols, saponins (aqueous extract), carotenoids like lutein, β-carotene, violanthin and neoxanthin, flavonoids [48] including quercetin, kaemferol, catechins, epicatechins and procyanidins | |
Cucurbita pepo Linn (cucurbitaceae); 15630 HNC | intestinal infections and kidney problems (seeds), minor injuries (flowers), anthelmintic, hypertension, erysipelas, enteritis, dyspepsia, stomach disorders, liver disorders like jaundice [50] | leaves | saponin, tannin, quinone, coumarins, flavonoids, sterol, terpenes, [51] lignin, alkaloids, protein and sugar Curbicin [52] anthocyanin, phenols like syringic acid [52], phytin, lecithin, cucurbitane and hexanocucurbitane L-2-O-β-glucopyranoside, Curbicin [52], flavonoids, Vitamins B, C, and E, β-sitostérol | antihypertensive, anti-oxidative activities,Arthritis, reduce the symptoms of BPH [52, 53]. High Cholesterol, anti-parasitic activity in vi-vitro [54], alleviates the detrimental effects associated with protein malnutrition [55], antiparasitic[56], nephron and hepato-protective, vermifuge, inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis [57], antiparasitic, protects gastric mucosal [50] |
Solanum nigrum Linn (Solanaceae); 43000 HNC | leaves | |||
Capsicum frutescens L. (Solanaceae); 10737/SRFcam | fruits | alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols [66, 67] and sterols [67] Capsaicin, and dihydrocapsaicin, sterols and polyterpenes, polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, vitamin B2 [65], ortho- hydroxyl- N- benzyl- 16- Methyl-11,14-diene-octadecamide and 9, 12-diene-octadecanoic acid [68], carotenoids, flavonoids and saponins [68, 69] |
Preliminary phytochemical investigations
Bacterial strains and culture media
Bacterial susceptibility testing
Results
Chemical composition of the vegetable extracts
Scientific names | Part used | Yield (%) | alkaloids | phenols | tannins | terpènes | stéroids | flavonoids | anthraquinones | anthocyanins | saponins |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amarantus hybridus | leaves | 7.9 | - | - | - | + | - | + | - | + | - |
Vernonia hymenolepis
| leaves | 9.40 | + | + | - | - | - | + | - | - | - |
Lactuca sativa
| leaves | 7.14 | + | + | - | - | - | + | - | - | - |
Lactuca capensis
| leaves | 7.14 | + | + | + | - | + | - | - | - | - |
Sechium edule
| leaves | 3.76 | + | + | - | + | + | + | - | - | + |
Manihot esculinta
| leaves | 07.46 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | - | + |
Phaseolus vulgaris
| cloves | 17.81 | + | + | - | - | + | + | - | - | - |
Cucurbita pepo
| leaves | 12.68 | + | + | - | - | + | + | - | - | - |
solanum nigrum
| leaves | 11.84 | + | + | - | - | + | + | - | - | - |
Capsicum frutescens
| fruits | 16.24 | + | + | - | + | - | + | + | - | - |
Antibacterial activity of the vegetable extracts
Bacteria strains | MIC (μg/ml) of the plant extracts | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. hybridus
|
V. hymenolepis
|
L. sativa
|
L. capensis
|
S. edule
|
M. esculenta
|
P. vulgaris
|
C. pepo
|
S. nigrum
|
C. frutescens
| Chloramphenicol1
| ||
E. coli
| ||||||||||||
ATCC8739
| 256 | 1024 | 512 | 512 | 256 | 256 | 1024 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 4 | |
ATCC10536
| 128 | 256 | 128 | 256 | 128 | 256 | - | 256 | 128 | - | 4 | |
W3110
| 256 | 512 | 256 | 256 | 256 | 512 | - | 128 | 256 | - | 8 (< 2) | |
MC4100
| 512 | 1024 | 512 | 1024 | 256 | 512 | 1024 | 256 | 512 | 1024 | 16 (< 2) | |
AG100A
| 256 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 256 | 512 | - | 512 | 512 | 1024 | < 2 (< 2) | |
AG100Atet
| 256 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 256 | 512 | - | 512 | 512 | 1024 | 64 (< 2) | |
AG102
| 1024 | 128 | 1024 | 512 | 512 | 128 | - | - | 256 | 512 | 64 (< 2) | |
AG100
| 128 | 1024 | 128 | 512 | 512 | 512 | - | 256 | 128 | - | 8 (< 2) | |
E. aerogenes
| ||||||||||||
ATCC13048
| 128 | 1024 | 256 | 256 | 256 | 256 | 1024 | 256 | 256 | - | 8 | |
EA294
| 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 1024 | - | 512 | 512 | 1024 | 16 | |
CM64
| 128 | 128 | 256 | 256 | 128 | 256 | 1024 | 512 | 256 | 512 | 256 (8) | |
EA3
| 256 | 256 | 128 | 128 | 256 | 128 | 1024 | 128 | 128 | - | 256 (128) | |
EA298
| 256 | 512 | 256 | 256 | 256 | 256 | 1024 | 128 | 256 | 1024 | 64 (< 2) | |
EA27
| 512 | 128 | 256 | - | 512 | 512 | - | 512 | 256 | 512 | ≥ 256 (< 2) | |
EA289
| - | 512 | 1024 | 256 | 512 | 256 | 1024 | 128 | 1024 | 256 | ≥ 256 (64) | |
K. pneumoniae
| ||||||||||||
ATCC11296
| 256 | 512 | 256 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 256 | 256 | - | 8 | |
KP55
| 256 | 512 | 256 | 512 | 256 | 512 | 1024 | 256 | 256 | 256 | 32 (4) | |
KP63
| 256 | 256 | 256 | 256 | 256 | 256 | - | 512 | 256 | 512 | 64 (< 2) | |
K2
| 512 | - | 512 | 512 | 1024 | 512 | - | 1024 | 512 | 1024 | 32 (< 2) | |
K24
| 512 | 1024 | 512 | 512 | 512 | - | 1024 | 512 | 512 | 1024 | 16 (< 2) | |
P. aeruginosa
| ||||||||||||
PA01
| 256 | 512 | 512 | 256 | 256 | 512 | - | 256 | 512 | - | 16 | |
PA124
| 512 | 1024 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 | - | 512 | 512 | - | 32 (< 2) | |
P. stuartii
| ||||||||||||
ATCC29916
| 128 | 128 | 256 | 1024 | 128 | 1024 | - | 1024 | 256 | - | 16 | |
NAE16
| 128 | 512 | 256 | 256 | 256 | 256 | 1024 | 512 | 256 | - | 64 (8) | |
PS2636
| 512 | 512 | 256 | 256 | 256 | 256 | - | 256 | 256 | 512 | 32 | |
PS299645
| 512 | 1024 | 1024 | 512 | 512 | 512 | - | 512 | 1024 | - | 32 (< 2) | |
E. cloacae
| ||||||||||||
BM47
| 128 | 256 | 512 | 1024 | 256 | 1024 | - | 128 | 512 | - | ≥ 256 (< 2) | |
ECCI69
| 256 | 512 | 512 | 256 | 256 | 128 | - | 256 | 512 | - | ≥ 256 (16) | |
BM67
| 256 | 512 | 512 | 256 | 256 | 512 | 1024 | 128 | 512 | 1024 | 128 (32) |
Bacteria strains |
A. hybridus
|
V. hymenolepis
|
L. sativa
|
L. capensis
|
S. edule
|
M. esculenta
|
Green bean (P. vulgaris)
|
C. pepo
|
S. nigrum
|
C. frutescens
| Chloramphenicol1
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E. coli
| |||||||||||
ATCC8739
| - | - | - | - | 1024 | 1024 | - | 512 | - | - | 64 |
ATCC10536
| 1024 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1024 | - | - | 128 |
W3110
| 1024 | 512 | 256 | - | 512 | - | - | 512 | - | - | - |
MC4100
| 1024 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
AG100A
| - | 1024 | 512 | - | - | 512 | - | - | - | - | - |
AG100Atet
| - | 1024 | 512 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
AG102
| - | - | 512 | 1024 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
AG100
| 256 | 1024 | - | 1024 | - | 512 | - | 1024 | - | - | - |
E. aerogenes
| - | - | - | - | 512 | ||||||
ATCC13048
| 1024 | 1024 | - | 1024 | - | 128 | |||||
EA294
| - | - | - | - | - | 1024 | - | - | - | - | 32 |
CM64
| 512 | - | - | 512 | 512 | 512 | - | - | - | - | - |
EA3
| 1024 | 512 | 1024 | 1024 | - | 512 | - | 1024 | 1024 | - | - |
EA298
| 512 | 1024 | 1024 | - | 1024 | 256 | - | 256 | 512 | - | - |
EA27
| - | - | - | - | - | 512 | - | - | - | - | - |
EA289
| - | 1024 | - | 512 | 1024 | 512 | - | - | - | - | - |
K. pneumoniae- | |||||||||||
ATCC11296
| - | - | - | 1024 | - | - | - | 256 | 1024 | - | 64 |
KP55
| 1024 | - | - | - | 1024 | 1024 | - | 1024 | 512 | - | 128 |
KP63
| 512 | 512 | - | - | - | - | - | 512 | 1024 | - | - |
K2
| 1024 | - | - | 1024 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 256 |
K24
| - | - | - | - | 1024 | - | - | 512 | - | - | 512 |
P. aeruginosa
| |||||||||||
PA01
| - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 256 |
PA124
| - | 1024 | - | 1024 | - | - | - | 1024 | 512 | - | - |
P. stuartii
| |||||||||||
ATCC29916
| - | 256 | - | 1024 | 1024 | 1024 | - | 1024 | 512 | - | 128 |
NAE16
| - | - | 512 | - | 1024 | - | - | 1024 | - | - | 256 |
PS2636
| 512 | 1024 | 1024 | - | 1024 | - | 512 | - | - | - | |
PS299645
| - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
E. cloacae
| |||||||||||
BM47
| - | 1024 | 512 | - | - | - | - | - | 1024 | - | - |
ECCI69
| 1024 | 512 | - | 1024 | 512 | 1024 | - | 1024 | 512 | - | - |
BM67
| 512 | 1024 | - | 1024 | 1024 | 1024 | - | 1024 | - | - | - |