Background
Methods
Plant material
Extraction and isolation
General experimental procedures
Antimicrobial assay
Cytotoxicity assay
Results and discussion
Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity
Samples | Fungi (MIC values) | Bacteria (MIC values) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C.a | C.A | A.f | C.na
| Average | S.a | P.a | E.f | E.c | Average | |||||
16 h | 24 h | 16 h | 24 h | 16 h | 24 h | 24 h | 36 h | |||||||
Extract and Fractions (mg/ml)
| ||||||||||||||
Crude extract | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 0.16 | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.88 | 0.08 | 0.31 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.14 |
Fraction A | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.16 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.63 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 0.65 | 0.02 | 0.31 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.10 |
Fraction B | 1.25 | 1.25 | 0.32 | 0.63 | 0.08 | 0.63 | 0.08 | 0.63 | 0.61 | 0.16 | 0.31 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.16 |
Compounds (μg/ml)
| ||||||||||||||
Robusflavone A (1) | 250 | 250 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 125 | 250 | 250 | 165 | 250 | 63 | 250 | 250 | 203.3 |
Robusflavone B (2) | 125 | 125 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 125 | 65 | 65 | 88 | 125 | 63 | 63 | 125 | 94 |
Orostachyscerebroside A (3) | 250 | 250 | 130 | 250 | 130 | 250 | 250 | 250 | 220 | 125 | 63 | 125 | 125 | 109.5 |
Stigmasterol (4) | 125 | 125 | 125 | 125 | 65 | 65 | 125 | 125 | 110 | 125 | 63 | 250 | 250 | 172 |
1-O-Heptatriacontanoyl glycerol (5) | 250 | 250 | 65 | 65 | 125 | 125 | 250 | 250 | 173 | 125 | 63 | 125 | 125 | 109.5 |
Eicosanoic acid (6) | 250 | 250 | 125 | 125 | 125 | 125 | > 250 | > 250 | 188 | 63 | 63 | 125 | 125 | 94 |
3-O-β-D-Glucopyranoside of sitosterol (7) | 125 | 125 | 125 | 125 | 65 | 125 | 65 | 125 | 110 | 125 | 63 | 63 | 125 | 94 |
6-Prenylpinocembrin (8) | 125 | 125 | 65 | 65 | 125 | 250 | > 250 | > 250 | 157 | 31.3 | 63 | 63 | 63 | 55.1 |
Controls (μg/ml)
| ||||||||||||||
Amp B | 30 | 30 | 10 | 30 | 65 | 125 | > 250 | > 250 | 99 | - | - | - | - | - |
Gen | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | < 3.91 | < 3.91 | < 3.91 | < 3.91 | < 3.91 |
DMSOb
| na | na | na | na | na | na | na | na | na | na | na | na |
Samples | Fungi | Bacteria | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C.a | C.A | A.f | C.n | Average | S.a | P.a | E.f | E.c | Average | |||||
16 h | 24 h | 16 h | 24 h | 16 h | 24 h | 24 h | 36 h | |||||||
Extract and Fractions
| ||||||||||||||
Crude extract | 4000 | 4000 | 4000 | 4000 | 31250 | 7937 | 7937 | 7937 | 8883 | 62500 | 16129 | 62500 | 62500 | 50907 |
Fraction A | 1429 | 1429 | 5625 | 2813 | 2813 | 1429 | 720 | 720 | 2123 | 45000 | 2903 | 22500 | 22500 | 23226 |
Fraction B | 560 | 560 | 2188 | 1111 | 8750 | 1111 | 8750 | 1111 | 3018 | 4375 | 2258 | 8750 | 8750 | 6033 |
Compounds
| ||||||||||||||
Robusflavone A (1) | 4 | 4 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 8 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 4 | 16 | 4 | 4 | 7 |
Robusflavone B (2) | 8 | 8 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 8 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 11 | 8 | 16 | 16 | 8 | 12 |
Orostachyscerebroside A (3) | 4 | 4 | 7.7 | 4 | 7.7 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4.5 | 8 | 16 | 8 | 8 | 9.1 |
Stigmasterol (4) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 16 | 4 | 4 | 8 |
1-O-Heptatriacontanoyl glycerol (5) | 4 | 4 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 8 | 8 | 4 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 16 | 8 | 8 | 10 |
Eicosanoic acid (6) | 4 | 4 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | < 8 | < 8 | 7 | 16 | 16 | 8 | 8 | 12 |
3-O-β-D-Glucopyranoside of sitosterol (7) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 13.4 | 8 | 13.4 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 16 | 16 | 8 | 12 |
6-Prenylpinocembrin (8) | 8 | 8 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 8 | 4 | < 4 | < 4 | 8 | 32 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 20 |
Samples | Cytotoxicty (LC50, μg/ml) | Selectivity indexa
| |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C.a | C.A | A.f | C.n | S.a | P.a | E.f | E.c | ||
Extract and fractions
| |||||||||
Crude extract | 53.45 ± 2.21 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.21* | 0.08 | 0.67 | 0.17 | 0.67 | 0.67 |
Fraction A | 17.91 ± 1.71 | 0.03 | 0.09* | 0.05* | 0.01 | 0.90 | 0.06 | 0.45 | 0.45 |
Fraction B | 93.76 ± 25.62 | 0.08 | 0.22* | 0.66* | 0.66* | 0.59 | 0.30 | 1.17 | 1.17 |
Compounds
| |||||||||
Robusflavone A (1) | 13.20 ± 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.20 | 0.16* | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.21 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
Robusflavone B (2) | 30.42 ± 3.26 | 0.24 | 0.47 | 0.36* | 0.47 | 0.24 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.24 |
Orostachyscerebroside A (3) | > 100 | 0.4 | 0.53* | 0.53* | 0.4 | 0.8 | 1.59 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
Stigmasterol (4) | 54.97 ± 11.05 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.85 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.87 | 0.22 | 0.22 |
1-O-Heptatriacontanoylglycerol (5) | 91.52 ± 28.38 | 0.37 | 1.41 | 0.73 | 0.37 | 0.73 | 1.45 | 0.73 | 0.73 |
Eicosanoic acid (6) | NT | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
3-O-β-D-Glucopyranoside of sitosterol (7) | >100 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 1.17* | 1.17* | 0.80 | 1.58 | 1.58 | 0.80 |
6-Prenylpinocembrin (8) | 21.87 ± 0.37 | 0.17 | 0.34 | 0.13* | 0.09 | 0.70 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 |
Control
| |||||||||
Dox | 3.32 ± 1.31 |