Background
Methods
Plant material
Microorganisms
Animals
Preparation of plant extract and fractionnation
Phytochemical screening
In vitro Antidermatophytic activity
Preparation of dermatophyte inocula
Antidermatophytic activity using the well diffusion method
Antidermatophytic activity using broth microdilution method
In vivo study
Ethical statement
Skin irritation test
In vivo antidermatophytic activity
Dermal infection of animals
Treatment of infected animals
Group | Group type | Infection | Treatment |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Simple control | No | No |
2 | Negative control | Yes | No |
3 | Palm kernel oil control | Yes | 0.1 g/kg of palm kernel oil (the vehicle) |
4 | Positive control | Yes | 0.01 g/kg of griseofulvin-oil at 5% |
5 | Test | Yes | 0.1 g/kg of extract-oil at 1.25% (w/w) |
6 | Test | Yes | 0.1 g/kg of extract-oil at 2.5% (w/w) |
7 | Test | Yes | 0.1 g/kg of extract-oil at 5% (w/w) |
Clinical surveillance of treatment
Statistical analysis
Results
Phytochemical screening of extract and fractions
Extracts | Aspect/colour | Yield (% ) | Number of spots in TLC | Positive tests for | Negative tests for |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude extract | Darkish-brown/paste | 6.58 | 9 | Saponins, Tannins, Alkaloids’, Anthraquinone and Phenols | Flavonoïd, Triterpen, Sterol, Anthocyanin and Coumarin. |
Hexane fraction | Greyish-brown/paste | 10.36 | 6 | Alkaloids | Flavonoïd, Triterpen, Sterol, Anthocyanin, Coumarin, Saponins, Tannins, Anthraquinone and Phenols. |
Ethyl acetate fraction | Darkish-brown/paste | 9.04 | 7 | Saponins, Tannins, Alkaloids’, Anthraquinone and Phenols | Flavonoïd, Triterpen, Sterol, Anthocyanin and Coumarin. |
n-Butanol fraction | Brown/paste | 6.08 | 5 | Saponins, Tannins, Alkaloids’ and Phenols | Flavonoïd, Triterpen, Sterol, Anthocyanin, Coumarin and Anthraquinone. |
Residue fraction | Darkish-brown/paste | 74.52 | 3 | Saponins, Tannins, Anthraquinone and Phenols | Flavonoïd, Triterpen, Sterol, Anthocyanin, Coumarin and Alkaloids. |
In vitro antidermatophytic assay
Microorganisms | Diameter of inhibition zones ± Standard deviation (mm) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude extract | Hexane fraction | Ethyl acetate fraction | n-butanol fraction | Residue fraction | Griseofulvin (10 μg) | |
T. mentagrophytes
| 28.0 ± 0.5b
| 0,0 ± 0.0a
| 29.0 ±0.5c
| 29.0 ±0.5c
| 28.1 ±0.2b
| 34.75±0.25d
|
T. ajelloi
| 28.0 ± 0.4b
| 7.0 ± 0.3a
| 28.5±0.5b
| 28.5±0.5b
| 28.0 ± 0.2b
| 30.5±0.5c
|
T. rubrum
| 24.0 ± 0.4c
| 0.0 ± 0.0a
| 24.5±0.5c
| 24.4±0.2c
| 23.0 ±0.4b
| 30±0.5d
|
T. equinum
| 25.4 ± 0.4c
| 0.0 ± 0.0a
| 25.4±0.4c
| 25.0 ±0.5c
| 24.5±0.5c
| 27.5±0.5d
|
T. terrestre
| 25.0 ± 0.5c
| 0.0 ± 0.0a
| 22.0 ±0.3c
| 21.0 ±0.3b
| 22.0 ±0.5c
| 35.83±0.28e
|
E. flocosum
| 21.5 ± 0.5b
| 20.0 ± 0.5a
| 23.0 ±0.5c
| 23.0 ±0.5c
| 22.0 ±0.5b
| 35±0.5d
|
M. gypseum
| 20.3 ± 0.3b
| 0.0 ± 0.0a
| 20.2±0.2b
| 21.0 ±0.3c
| 21.0 ±0.5c
| 34.7±0.20d
|
M. audouinii
| 28.1 ± 0.3b
| 0.0 ± 0.0a
| 29.0 ±0.5c
| 29.1 ±0.2c
| 28.1±0.3b
| 34.75±0.25d
|
Microorganisms | Crude extract | Hexane fraction | Ethyl acetate fraction | n-butanol fraction | Residue fraction | Griseofulvin (10 μg) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MIC | MFC | MIC | MFC | MIC | MFC | MIC | MFC | MIC | MFC | MIC | MFC | |
T. mentagrophytes
| 0.25 | 0.25 | 4 | 4 | 0.125 | 0.125 | 0.125 | 0.125 | 0.125 | 0.125 | 0.00078 | 0.00078 |
T. ajelloi
| 0.25 | 0.25 | 2 | 2 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 0.125 | 0.125 | 0.125 | 0.5 | 0.0003 | 0.0003 |
T. rubrum
| 0.5 | 0.5 | 8 | ’8 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.0003 | 0.0003 |
T. equinum
| 0.5 | 0.5 | 4 | 8 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.0003 | 0.0003 |
T. terrestre
| 1 | 1 | 8 | ’8 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.05 | 0.1 |
E. flocosum
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.125 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 0.0003 | 0.0003 |
M. gypseum
| 1 | 1 | 8 | ’8 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.125 | 0.25 | 0.0015 | 0.0015 |
M. audouinii
| 0.5 | 0.5 | 4 | 8 | 0.125 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.125 | 0.5 | 0.00078 | 0.00078 |