Background
Methods
Plant material
Animals and parasite
Extraction
Crude extract
Solvent fractionation
Acute toxicity testing
In vivo antimalarial tests
Parasite inoculation
Grouping and dosing of animals
The 4 day suppressive test
Rane’s test
Packed cell volume measurement
Parasitemia measurement
Monitoring of body weight and temperature changes
Phytochemical screening
Data analysis
Results
Acute toxicity study
Effect on four day suppressive test
Crude extract
Extract | Animal group | Parasitaemia level | % suppression | Survival date |
---|---|---|---|---|
Crude extract | CON | 32±0.97 | - | 7±0.36 |
CM200 | 18±1.73 | 44a3,b3,c3
| 10±0.33a1,b3,c3
| |
CM400 | 7±0.31 | 78a3,b1,c3
| 14±0.42a3,b3,c3
| |
CM600 | 3±0.40 | 91a3
| 18±0.60a3,c3
| |
CQ25 | 0.0a3
| 100 | 30±0a3
| |
Chloroform fraction | CON | 30.43±0.61 | - | 7.34±0.42 |
CF200 | 15.40±0.43 | 49.4a3,c3
| 9.00±0.68c3
| |
CF400 | 10.30±0.58 | 66.2a3,c3,e3
| 13.34±1.25a3,c3,e1
| |
CF600 | 7.34±0.15 | 75.9a3,c3,d3,e3
| 16.50±1.08a3,c3,e3
| |
CQ25 | 0.00±0.00 | 100.00a3
| 29.67±0.34a3
| |
Methanol fraction | CON | 34.33±1.62 | - | 6.84±0.17 |
MF200 | 21.61±0.54 | 37.1a3,c3
| 8.83±1.14c3
| |
MF400 | 16.30±0.71 | 52.5a3,c3,e2
| 8.50±0.56c3
| |
MF600 | 12.28±0.52 | 64.2a3,c3,d1,e3
| 10.00±1.15a1,c3
| |
CQ25 | 0.00±0.00 | 100.00a3
| 30.00±0.00a3
| |
Aqueous fraction | CON | 37.47±0.84 | - | 7.00±0.25 |
AF200 | 33.03±0.94 | 11.8a2,c3
| 7.84±0.60c3
| |
AF400 | 26.27±0.69 | 29.9a3,c3,e3
| 8.34±0.42c3
| |
AF600 | 22.94±0.79 | 38.8a3,c3,d3,e3
| 9.17±0.31a2,c3
| |
CQ25 | 0.00±0.00 | 100.00a3
| 30.00±0.00a3
|
Extract | Animal group | Temperature | Weight | Packed cell volume | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D0 | D4 | % change | D0 | D4 | % change | D0 | D4 | % change | ||
Crude extract | CON | 37.2±0.19 | 37.2±0.19 | −2 | 26.0±0.18 | 24.0±0.43 | −15.5 | 55±0.33 | 53±0.26 | −3.6 |
CM200 | 37.5±0.08 | 37.2±0.07 | −0.8a2
| 26.1±0.12 | 25.3±0.34 | −5.2a1
| 53±1.34 | 53±1.48 | 0.0 | |
CM400 | 37.1±0.11 | 37.1±0.11 | 0.5a2
| 26.2±0.11 | 25.9±0.15 | −0.6a3
| 54±0.50 | 55±0.70 | 1.8 | |
CM600 | 37.0±0.15 | 37.0±0.15 | 1.3a3
| 26.2±0.17 | 25.7±0.22 | −2.8a2
| 54±0.55 | 56±0.84 | 3.5 | |
CQ25 | 37.2±0.08 | 37.2±0.08 | 0.2a2
| 26.1±0.09 | 25.5±0.05 | −2.4a2
| 53±0.55 | 55±0.42 | 3.8 | |
Chloroform fraction | CON | 37.3±0.42 | 32.9±0.21 | −11.76 | 27.9±0.82 | 26.8±1.15 | −4.00 | 53.3±1.46 | 49.7±1.61 | −6.73 |
CF200 | 36.9±0.37 | 36.3±0.47 | −1.59a3
| 27.17±0.64 | 25.15±1.16 | −7.43b3
| 51.7±1.78 | 51.1±1.1 | −1.14a1
| |
CF400 | 37.5±0.32 | 37.4±0.23 | −0.48a3
| 27.7±1.16 | 26.8±1.08 | −3.82b2
| 52.2±1.25 | 52.2±1.16 | 0.00a2
| |
CF600 | 37.7±0.49 | 37.4±0.39 | −0.93a3
| 28.1±1.20 | 27.9±1.12 | −0.89b1
| 51.7±1.82 | 53.3±1.90 | 3.23a3
| |
CQ25 | 37.4±0.27 | 37.5±0.26 | 0.32a3
| 26.7±0.51 | 27.3±0.83 | 2.36a2
| 53.2±0.48 | 53.9±0.62 | 1.35a2
| |
Methanol fraction | CON | 37.3±0.21 | 35.4±0.17 | −5.15 | 31.6±0.47 | 30.3±0.89 | −3.83 | 53.8±1.61 | 52.3±1.05 | −2.80 |
MF200 | 37.7±0.29 | 35.2±0.71 | −6.63b3
| 26.6±0.47 | 27.2±0.54 | 2.44a3
| 53.2±0.98 | 50.4±0.70 | −5.17b3
| |
MF400 | 37.9±0.36 | 34.4±0.48 | −9.24b3
| 26.8±0.55 | 28.1±0.59 | 4.43a3
| 52.8±0.96 | 51.2±0.90 | −3.00b2
| |
MF600 | 38.0±0.15 | 34.7±0.23 | −8.73b3
| 28.1±0.89 | 29.4±0.81 | 4.52a3
| 50.9±1.28 | 51.1±1.47 | 0.25 | |
CQ25 | 36.9±0.25 | 37.2±0.60 | 0.68a3
| 30.1±0.93 | 30.5±0.83 | 1.33a2
| 54.8±1.16 | 55.7±0.98 | 1.68a1
| |
Aqueous fraction | CON | 37.7±0.13 | 34.2±0.28 | −9.30 | 31.7±0.57 | 30.4±0.65 | −3.94 | 55.8±1.17 | 53.9±1.25 | −3.40 |
AF200 | 37.1±0.46 | 34.9±0.32 | −5.90b2
| 30.8±0.79 | 30.7±0.54 | −0.39b1
| 56.8±0.96 | 55.3±0.54 | −2.64b1
| |
AF400 | 36.7±0.25 | 34.9±0.27 | −5.20b2
| 29.2±0.86 | 28.9±0.75 | −1.04b1
| 54.4±1.85 | 54.2±0.21 | −0.46 | |
AF600 | 36.6±0.35 | 34.9±0.56 | −4.97b2
| 30.0±1.04 | 29.0±0.90 | −3.26b2
| 56.4±1.14 | 55.8±0.77 | −1.19b1
| |
CQ25 | 36.9±0.35 | 36.6±0.26 | −1.00a3
| 28.1±1.08 | 28.8±1.18 | 2.56a2
| 55.5±0.79 | 56.1±0.55 | 1.04a1
|
Solvent fractions
Effect on curative test
Crude extract
Extract | Group | Day 3 | Day 4 | Day 5 | Day 6 | Day 7 | % inhibition | Survival date |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude extract | CON | 9±0.15 | 16±0.13 | 14±0.23 | 31±0.61 | 36±1.1 | - | 6±0.31 |
CM200 | 12±0.36 | 28±1.20 | 26±0.32 | 25±0.16 | 22±0.19 | 39a3,b3,c3
| 7±0.31b3,c3
| |
CM400 | 11±0.43 | 19±0.95 | 16±0.85 | 14±0.54 | 11±0.95 | 69a3,c1
| 12±0.47a3,b3,c3
| |
CM600 | 10±0.32 | 14±0.56 | 11±0.47 | 8±0.41 | 7±0.78 | 83a3
| 16±0.42a3,c3
| |
CQ25 | 11±0.22 | 5±0.09 | 2±0.56 | 0 | 0.00±0.00 | 100a3
| 30±0a3
| |
Chloroform fraction | CON | 21.8±0.58 | 26.6±0.90 | 33.1±0.81 | 40.7±0.67 | 54.6±1.34 | - | 7.2±0.31 |
CF200 | 20.8±0.83 | 20.8±0.66 | 20.2±0.92 | 19.8±0.50 | 18.5±0.63 | 66.2a3,c3
| 7.5±0.34c3
| |
CF400 | 22.7±0.63 | 21.2±0.51 | 17.4±0.45 | 15.4±0.49 | 13.5±0.80 | 75.3a3,c3,e2
| 10.3±0.76a2,d3
| |
CF600 | 21.8±0.79 | 20.9±0.62 | 15.4±1.02 | 11.5±0.45 | 9.7±0.65 | 82.3a3,c3,d1,e3
| 12.3±0.72a3,c3,e3
| |
CQ25 | 20.8±0.85 | 15.6±1.02 | 5.5±0.28 | 1.5±0.29 | 0.00±0.0 | 100a3
| 30.0±0.0a3
|
Animal group | T0 | T4 | % change | W0 | W4 | % change | PCV0 | PCV4 | % change |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CON
| 37.4±0.14 | 36.6±0.05 | −2.2 | 26.2±0.21 | 22.1±0.43 | −7.7 | 54±0.31 | 53±0.21 | −4.9 |
CM200
| 37.3±0.08 | 37.2±0.08 | −0.2
a2
| 26.3±0.11 | 25±0.16 | −3.1
a1
| 53±0.31 | 52±0.40 | −1.9 |
CM400
| 37.4±0.09 | 37.4±0.04 | 0.0
a3
| 26.4±0.11 | 26.3±0.05 | −1.1
a3
| 52.5±0.43 | 53±0.22 | 0.9 |
CM600
| 37.3±0.09 | 37.4±0.03 | 0.2
a3
| 26.6±0.06 | 25.9±0.05 | −1.8
a2
| 52±0.31 | 53±0.44 | 1.9 |
CQ25
| 37.4±0.18 | 37.3±0.13 | −0.2
a2
| 26.5±0.04 | 25.9±0.04 | −2.3
a2
| 52.5±0.42 | 53±0.21 | 2.4 |
Solvent fractions
Group | Day 0 | Day 3 | Day 4 | Day 5 | Day 6 | Day 7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 37.25±0.21 | 34.05±0.15 | 34.08±0.19 | 33.48±0.26 | 33.53±0.21 | 32.75±0.16 |
CM200 | 37.48±0.3 | 33.38±0.21 | 34.48±0.33 | 34.76±0.27 | 35.62±0.26 | 36.43±0.24a3,b1
|
CM400 | 37.48±0.22 | 33.38±0.38 | 34.53±0.37 | 34.15±0.23 | 36.05±0.25 | 36.62±0.21a3
|
CM600 | 37.50± 0.21 | 33.64±0.32 | 33.91±0.26 | 35.74±0.14 | 36.50±0.28 | 36.91±0.13a3 |
CQ25 | 37.32±0.23 | 33.92±0.32 | 34.67±0.24 | 35.65±0.29 | 37.13±0.19 | 37.40±0.19a3
|
Phytochemical screening
Secondary metabolites | Crude extract | Chloroform extract | Methanol extract | Aqueous extract |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alkaloids | + | + | + | + |
Saponins | + | - | + | + |
Phenolic compounds | + | + | + | - |
Cardiac glycosides | + | - | + | - |
Tannins | + | - | + | + |
Flavonoids | + | - | + | - |
Terpenoids | + | + | - | - |
Anthraquinones | - | - | - | - |
Phlobatannins | - | - | - | - |