Background
Structural factors
Staff-related factors
Patient-related factors
Treatment-related factors
Methods
Design and sample
Definition of seclusion, restraint and involuntary medication (dependent variables)
Seclusion
Restraint
Involuntary medication
Patient level variables
Patient variables: | Total sample: 3462 (100%) | Involuntary adm: 1214 (35%) |
---|---|---|
Mean age (SD) | 40 (SD = 15.5) | 40 (SD = 16.7) |
Sex (female/male) % in brackets | 1710/1752 (49/50) | 587/625 (48/52) |
Norwegian background | 3077 (89%) | 1053 (88%) |
Not Norwegian background | 350 (10%) | 144 (12%) |
Not having own home | 715 (21%) | 305 (25%) |
Previous contact with MH services | 2572 (74%) | 864 (72%) |
GAFS at admission (mean, SD)a
| 36 (12) | 31 (11) |
GAFF at admission (mean, SD)a
| 38 (11) | 34 (11) |
F 20-29 diagnosis (ICD-10) | 831 (24%) | 460 (41%) |
Health of the Nation Outcome Scales | mean (SD) | mean (SD) |
HoNOS 1 (overactive & aggressive)b
| .96 (1.23) | 1.47 (1.37) |
HoNOS 2 (self-injury & suicidal) | .96 (1.35) | .77 (1.30) |
HoNOS 3 (drinking & drugs) | 1.09 (1.45) | 1.02 (1.45) |
HoNOS 4 (cognitive problems) | .91 (1.13) | 1.24 (1.29) |
HoNOS 5 (physical illness & disability) | .67 (1.08) | .65 (1.07) |
HoNOS 6 (hallucinations & delusions) | 1.35 (1.44) | 2.02 (1.47) |
HoNOS 7 (depressed mood) | 1.65 (1.23) | 1.25 (1.26) |
Ward level variables
Ward variables: | |
Acute wards | 28 |
Admission wards | 4 |
Mean number of beds | 11 (SD = 3.5) |
Mean staff to bed ratio | 3.5 (SD = 0.8) |
Wards in urban areaa
| 8 |
Wards in rural area | 24 |
Staff Attitude to Coercion Scaleb
| |
Coercion as offending (mean, SD) | 2.86 (SD = .24) |
Coercion as care & security (mean, SD) | 4.21 (SD = 1.6) |
Coercion as treatment (mean, SD) | 2.45 (SD = .21) |