Background
Debate on how hospital ownership type influences the quality and cost of healthcare
Evaluation of health care providers by ownership type: International evidence
Evaluating public and PFP healthcare providers in Greece: The evidence to date
Methods
Data collection
Data analysis
Results
PFP and public hospital characteristics
2001 | 2002 | 2003 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PUBLIC | PFP | PUBLIC | PFP | PUBLIC | PFP | |
Hospitals, n
| 139 | 191 | 141 | 179 | 142 | 179 |
Hospital beds, n (% total hospital beds in Greece)*
| 36, 186 (69.2) | 15, 038 (28.8) | 36, 142 (69.8) | 14, 460 (27.9) | 35, 814 (69.2) | 14, 528 (28.1) |
Hospital beds per 1, 000 population
| 3.30 | 1.37 | 3.29 | 1.32 | 3, 25 | 1, 32 |
Average hospital bed capacity
| 260 | 79 | 256 | 81 | 252 | 81 |
Hospitals by hospital bed capacity, n (%)
| ||||||
1-40 beds | 11 (7.9) | 76 (39.8) | 13 (9.2) | 67 (37.4) | 14 (9.9) | 67 (37.4) |
41-100 beds | 24 (17.3) | 72 (37.7) | 26 (18.4) | 69 (38.6) | 26 (18.3) | 68 (38.0) |
100-500 beds | 86 (61.9) | 43 (22.5) | 84 (59.6) | 43 (24.0) | 85 (59.9) | 44 (24.6) |
> 500 beds | 18 (12.9) | 0 (0.0) | 18 (12.8) | 0 (0.0) | 17 (12.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Hospital beds by hospital specialty, n (%)
| ||||||
General | 26, 193 (72.4) | 7, 492 (49.8) | 26, 753 (74.0) | 7, 343(50.8) | 27, 114 (75.7) | 7, 215 (49.7) |
Mixed | 0 (0.0) | 1, 370 (9.1) | 0 (0.0) | 998 (6.9) | 0 (0.0) | 979 (6.7) |
Maternity | 384 (1.1) | 1, 007 (6.7) | 384 (1.1) | 930 (6.4) | 384 (1.1) | 906 (6.2) |
Psychiatric | 5, 631 (15.6) | 4, 386 (29.2) | 5, 561 (15.4) | 4, 392 (30.4) | 4, 929 (13.8) | 4, 567 (31.4) |
Pediatric | 1, 517 (4.2) | 46 (0.3) | 1, 529 (4.2) | 77 (0.5) | 1, 512 (4.2) | 74 (0.5) |
Other specialty† | 2, 461 (6.8) | 737 (4.9) | 1, 915 (5.3) | 720 (5.0) | 1, 875 (5.2) | 787 (5.4) |
Patients discharged, n (% all patients discharged)*
| 1, 444, 743 (80.1) | 327, 175 (18.2) | 1, 499, 464 (79.8) | 334, 760 (17.8) | 1, 533, 030 (79.0) | 356, 295 (18.4) |
Patients discharged by hospital specialty, n (%)
| ||||||
General | 1, 271, 624 (88.0) | 230, 468 (70.4) | 1, 345, 272 (89.7) | 249, 392 (74.5) | 1, 380, 384 (90.0) | 269, 992 (75.8) |
Mixed | 0 (0.0) | 49, 136 (15.0) | 0 (0.0) | 35, 176 (10.5) | 0 (0.0) | 34, 312 (9.6) |
Maternity | 19, 376 (1.3) | 27, 440 (8.4) | 19, 896 (1.3) | 28, 072 (8.4) | 19, 880 (1.3) | 28, 632 (8.0) |
Psychiatric | 12, 868 (0.9) | 9, 691 (3.0) | 14, 140 (0.9) | 9, 720 (2.9) | 14, 912 (1.0) | 9, 935 (2.8) |
Pediatric | 72, 192 (5.0) | 296 (0.1) | 69, 376 (4.6) | 432 (0.1) | 66, 576 (4.3) | 2, 280 (0.6) |
Other specialty† | 68, 683 (4.8) | 10, 144 (3.1) | 50, 780 (3.4) | 11, 968 (3.6) | 51, 278 (3.3) | 11, 144 (3.1) |
Patients discharged by patient insurance scheme, n (%)
| ||||||
IKA | 516, 056 (35.7) | 125, 474 (38.4) | 524, 836 (35.0) | 154, 540 (46.2) | 566, 719 (37.0) | 168, 236 (47.2) |
OGA†† | 543, 408 (37.6) | 18, 458 (5.6) | 483, 125 (32.2) | 20, 952 (6.3) | 203, 041 (13.2) | 20, 719 (5.8) |
TEBE | 67, 594 (4.7) | 10, 575 (3.2) | 68, 446 (4.6) | 13, 661 (4.1) | 64, 931 (4.2) | 16, 981 (4.8) |
Other insurance scheme‡ | 317, 685 (22.0) | 172, 668 (52.8) | 423, 057 (28.2) | 145, 607 (43.5) | 698, 339 (45.6) | 150, 359 (42.2) |
Average hospital (all specialties) occupancy rate
| 81.8% | 60.9% | 82.4% | 68.9% | 101.4% | 65.5% |
Average general hospital occupancy rate
| 79.3% | 50.7% | 81.4% | 60.7% | 82.1% | 61.0% |
Performance comparison of PFP and public hospitals
2001 | 2002 | 2003 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PUBLIC | PFP | PUBLIC | PFP | PUBLIC | PFP | |||||||
RATIO PUBLIC/PFP
|
95% CI
| RATIO PUBLIC/PFP | 95% CI | RATIO PUBLIC/PFP | 95% CI | |||||||
Nurses per hospital bed,
by hospital specialty
| ||||||||||||
General | 1.08 | 0.63 | 1.71 | 1.66, 1.76 | 1.15 | 0.71 | 1.63 | 1.59, 1.68 | 1.16 | 0.74 | 1.57 | 1.52, 1.61 |
Mixed | - | 0.48 | - | - | - | 0.55 | - | - | - | 0.59 | - | - |
Maternity | 0.84 | 0.53 | 1.57 | 1.36, 1.80 | 0.95 | 0.58 | 1.63 | 1.42, 1.87 | 0.92 | 0.61 | 1.51 | 1.32, 1.73 |
Psychiatric | 0.49 | 0.24 | 2.02 | 1.88, 2.17 | 0.51 | 0.26 | 1.97 | 1.84, 2.11 | 0.59 | 0.26 | 2.28 | 2.13, 2.44 |
Pediatric | 0.96 | 0.46 | 2.11 | 1.37, 3.42 | 0.98 | 0.73 | 1.34 | 1.03, 1.79 | 0.98 | 0.73 | 1.35 | 1.03, 1.80 |
Other specialty* | 0.95 | 0.33 | 2.90 | 2.54, 3.33 | 0.86 | 0.31 | 2.76 | 2.40, 3.18 | 0.88 | 0.33 | 2.67 | 2.30, 3.05 |
Total | 0.97 | 0.48 | 2.01 | 1.96, 2.07 | 1.03 | 0.53 | 1.93 | 1.89, 1.98 | 1.06 | 0.55 | 1.93 | 1.88, 1.97 |
Nurses per hospital bed,
by nurse training level
| ||||||||||||
RNs† | 0.39 | 0.19 | 2.07 | 1.99, 2.16 | 0.42 | 0.23 | 1.86 | 1.79, 1.93 | 0.44 | 0.22 | 2.00 | 1.92, 2.07 |
LPNs†† | 0.39 | 0.17 | 2.28 | 2.19, 2.38 | 0.45 | 0.22 | 2.04 | 1.96, 2.12 | 0.44 | 0.24 | 1.88 | 1.81, 1.95 |
Aides‡ | 0.19 | 0.12 | 1.55 | 1.47, 1.63 | 0.16 | 0.08 | 1.87 | 1.76, 1.99 | 0.18 | 0.09 | 1.89 | 1.78, 2.01 |
Total | 0.97 | 0.48 | 2.01 | 1.96, 2.07 | 1.03 | 0.53 | 1.93 | 1.89, 1.98 | 1.06 | 0.55 | 1.93 | 1.88, 1.97 |
DIFFERENCE PUBLIC - PFP
|
95% CI
|
DIFFERENCE PUBLIC - PFP
|
95% CI
|
DIFFERENCE PUBLIC - PFP
|
95% CI
| |||||||
Nurses by training level,
% total nursing staff
| ||||||||||||
RNs† | 40.3 | 39.1 | 1.1 | -0.1, 2.3 | 41.1 | 42.8 | -1.6 | -2.9, -0.4 | 41.5 | 40.1 | 1.4 | 0.2, 2.6 |
LPNs†† | 40.2 | 35.5 | 4.8 | 3.5, 6.0 | 43.5 | 41.3 | 2.2 | 1.0, 3.4 | 41.9 | 43.0 | -1.1 | -2.3, 0.1 |
Aides‡ | 19.5 | 25.4 | -5.9 | -7.0, -4.8 | 15.3 | 15.9 | -0.5 | -1.5, 0.3 | 16.6 | 16.9 | -0.3 | -1.2, 0.6 |
Total | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
2001 | 2002 | 2003 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PUBLIC | PFP | PUBLIC | PFP | PUBLIC | PFP | |||||||
RATIO PFP/PUBLIC | 95% CI | RATIO PFP/PUBLIC | 95% CI | RATIO PFP/PUBLIC | 95% CI | |||||||
Unweighted length of stay,
by hospital specialty† | ||||||||||||
General | 5.96 | 6.01 | 1.008 | 1.007, 1.010 | 5.91 | 6.52 | 1.105 | 1.103, 1.107 | 5.89 | 5.95 | 1.011 | 1.009, 1.013 |
Mixed | - | 4.80 | - | - | - | 9.22 | - | - | - | 4.01 | - | - |
Maternity | 4.60 | 4.56 | 0.991 | 0.982, 0.999 | 4.90 | 4.40 | 0.898 | 0.891, 0.906 | 4.74 | 4.13 | 0.871 | 0.863, 0.878 |
Psychiatric | 160.51 | 131.04 | 0.816 | 0.815, 0.818 | 133.41 | 131.17 | 0.983 | 0.981, 0.985 | 282.09 | 139.10 | 0.493 | 0.492, 0.494 |
Pediatric | 4.66 | 5.59 | 1.200 | 1.143, 1.259 | 5.14 | 2.81 | 0.548 | 0.518, 0.580 | 4.97 | 3.37 | 0.678 | 0.662, 0.693 |
Other specialty* | 10.66 | 31.84 | 2.988 | 2.976, 3.001 | 11.52 | 23.75 | 2.061 | 2.052, 2.071 | 9.66 | 19.78 | 2.048 | 2.038, 2.059 |
Total | 7.48 | 10.21 | 1.366 | 1.364, 1.367 | 7.25 | 10.86 | 1.498 | 1.496, 1.500 | 8.65 | 9.75 | 1.127 | 1.126, 1.129 |
Unweighted length of stay,
by patient insurance scheme
and by hospital specialty†† | ||||||||||||
IKA
| ||||||||||||
General | 5.68 | 9.09 | 1.601 | 1.597, 1.605 | 5.05 | 8.23 | 1.630 | 1.626, 1.633 | 4.89 | 8.84 | 1.810 | 1.806, 1.814 |
Psychiatric | 36.52 | 47.45 | 1.299 | 1.293, 1.305 | 40.22 | 80.13 | 1.992 | 1.984, 2.001 | 41.62 | 60.62 | 1.457 | 1.450, 1.463 |
All specialties‡ | 6.10 | 14.59 | 2.392 | 2.388, 2.396 | 5.46 | 15.48 | 2.833 | 2.828, 2.838 | 5.27 | 15.30 | 2.903 | 2.899, 2.908 |
OGA
| ||||||||||||
Acute hospitals | 4.19 | 7.37 | 1.760 | 1.749, 1.770 | 4.01 | 7.25 | 1.808 | 1.798, 1.818 | 4.30 | 6.71 | 1.561 | 1.552, 1.571 |
Long-term care hospitals | 28.54 | 139.41 | 4.885 | 4.868, 4.901 | 23.66 | 138.78 | 5.865 | 5.845, 5.884 | 22.51 | 131.07 | 5.822 | 5.803, 5.841 |
All specialties | 6.96 | 29.29 | 4.206 | 4.194, 4.218 | 6.26 | 28.39 | 4.533 | 4.520, 4.545 | 9.56 | 29.26 | 3.062 | 3.053, 3.070 |
TEBE
| ||||||||||||
All specialties | 4.08 | 6.80 | 1.668 | 1.654, 1.682 | 3.98 | 4.59 | 1.151 | 1.142, 1.162 | 3.82 | 4.27 | 1.116 | 1.106, 1.125 |
Total (IKA, OGA, TEBE)
| 6.39 | 15.81 | 2.473 | 2.469, 2.476 | 5.73 | 16.12 | 2.815 | 2.811, 2.819 | 6.20 | 15.80 | 2.548 | 2.544, 2.551 |
2001 | 2002 | 2003 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PUBLIC | PFP | TOTAL | PUBLIC | PFP | TOTAL | PUBLIC | PFP | TOTAL | ||||
SHI payments for hospital care, millions of € (%)
| 897.8 (81.3) | 206.9 (18.7) | 1104.6 (100.0) | 832.7 (76.8) | 251.4 (23.2) | 1084.2 (100.0) | 747.6 (70.9) | 307.0 (29.1) | 1054.6 (100.0) | |||
RATIO PFP/PUBLIC
|
95% CI
|
RATIO PFP/PUBLIC
|
95% CI
|
RATIO PFP/PUBLIC
|
95% CI
| |||||||
SHI payments for hospital care
per patient discharged, €
| ||||||||||||
IKA | 877.1 | 1298.5 | 1.481 | 1.480, 1.481 | 783.8 | 1234.7 | 1.575 | 1.574, 1.576 | 919.7 | 1447.7 | 1.574 | 1.573, 1.575 |
OGA | 743.6 | 1786.9 | 2.403 | 2.400, 2.405 | 786.9 | 2169.2 | 2.757 | 2.754, 2.759 | 900.9 | 2101.3 | 2.333 | 2.330, 2.335 |
TEBE | 607.3 | 1036.9 | 1.707 | 1.706, 1.708 | 602.0 | 1109.6 | 1.843 | 1.842, 1.844 | 669.2 | 1170.5 | 1.749 | 1.748, 1.750 |
Total (IKA, OGA, TEBE) | 796.6 | 1338.9 | 1.681 | 1.680, 1.682 | 773.6 | 1329.2 | 1.718 | 1.717, 1.719 | 895.6 | 1490.6 | 1.664 | 1.663, 1.665 |