Background
Methods
Study design
LiPZ participants
LiPZ data collection
Study sample and outcome
Variables | Measurement | Used in analyses as |
---|---|---|
Patients’ demographics (model 1)
| ||
Gender | Categorical: Male a; Female | |
Age | Date of birth | Continuous: years of age at start of the treatment. |
Ethnicity | Patient’s origin | Categorical: Immigrant a, from a non-western country, i.e. Turkey, Africa, Latin-America and Asia; Native Dutch, including western immigrants originally from Europe, North-America, Oceania, Indonesia, Japan. |
Educational level | Highest level of education | Categorical: Low (Primary school) a; Medium (Secondary- or higher education); High (University); Other (not specified, e.g. in children). |
Urbanicity | Zip-code of the address | Categorical: High (≥ 1500 addresses per km2); Medium (1000–1499 addresses per km2); Low (< 999 addresses per km2). |
History in Dietetics | The patient had previous dietetic health care in the past 5 years. | Categorical: No a; Yes. |
Patients’ initiative (model 2)
| ||
Initiative treatment | The patient was referred to the dietitian initiated by the referrer or the patient. | Categorical: Referrer a; Patient. |
Patients’ health (model 3)
| ||
Communication problem | According to the dietitian | Categorical: No a, Yes. |
Psychiatric problem | According to the dietitian | Categorical: No a, Yes. |
Intellectual disability problem | According to the dietitian | Categorical: No a, Yes. |
Multiple diagnoses | Number of diagnoses per patient (max. 4) | Categorical: Single diagnosis a, multiple diagnosis |
Overweight | Type of diagnosis according to the dietitian | Categorical: No a; Yes. |
Underweight/unwanted weight loss | Type of diagnosis according to the dietitian | Categorical: No a; Yes. |
Hypercholesterolemia | Type of diagnosis according to the dietitian | Categorical: No a; Yes. |
Diabetes | Type of diagnosis according to the dietitian | Categorical: No a; Yes. |
Food intolerance | Type of diagnosis according to the dietitian | Categorical: No a; Yes. |
Irritable Bowel Syndrome | Type of diagnosis according to the dietitian | Categorical: No a; Yes. |
Binge eating disorder | Type of diagnosis according to the dietitian | Categorical: No a; Yes. |
Overweight & Diabetes; | Type of diagnosis according to the dietitian | Categorical: No a; Yes. |
Overweight & Hypertension | Type of diagnosis according to the dietitian | Categorical: No a; Yes. |
Overweight & Hypercholesterolemia; | Type of diagnosis according to the dietitian | Categorical: No a; Yes. |
Overweight & Diabetes & Hypercholesterolemia; | Type of diagnosis according to the dietitian | Categorical: No a; Yes. |
Overweight & Diabetes & Hypertension; | Type of diagnosis according to the dietitian | Categorical: No a; Yes. |
Overweight & Binge eating disorder; | Type of diagnosis according to the dietitian | Categorical: No a; Yes. |
Overweight & Irritable Bowel Syndrome | Type of diagnosis according to the dietitian | Categorical: No a; Yes. |
Therapists’ demographics (model 4)
| ||
Gender | Categorical: Male a; Female | |
Age | Date of birth | Continuous: years of age at start of the study. |
Statistical analyses
Results
Descriptive | Poisson regression | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± sd aPercentages | Regression coefficient | SE b
| P-value | |
Intercept
| −0.72 | 0.07 | ||
Patients’ demographics
| ||||
Female (reference male) | 65.2% | 0.09 | 0.02 | <0.001 |
Age (years) | 44.8 ± 19.1 | −0.00 | 0.00 | 0.002 |
Native ethnicity (reference immigrants) | 88.5% | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.003 |
Educational level: | ||||
Low (reference) | 31.3% | |||
Medium | 42.2% | −0.08 | 0.02 | <0.001 |
High | 23.7% | −0.08 | 0.03 | 0.002 |
Not specified | 2.9% | −0.05 | 0.06 | 0.422 |
Urbanicity: | ||||
Low | 34.8% | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.476 |
Medium | 24.9% | −0.03 | 0.03 | 0.284 |
Strong (reference) | 39.9% | |||
History in dietetics (reference no history) | 22.3% | 0.14 | 0.02 | <0.001 |
Patients’ initiative
| ||||
Start treatment initiated by the patient (reference by referrers initiative) | 14.5% | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.024 |
Patients’ health
| ||||
Communication problem (reference no communication problems) | 3.9% | −0.02 | 0.05 | 0.717 |
Psychiatric problem (reference no psychiatric problems) | 9.2% | 0.12 | 0.03 | <0.001 |
Intellectual disability problem (reference no problems with respect to intellectual disability) | 2.0% | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.385 |
Multiple diagnoses (reference single diagnosis) | 52.0% | 0.36 | 0.05 | <0.001 |
Overweight c
| 30.6% | 0.50 | 0.04 | <0.001 |
Underweight, unwanted weight loss c
| 3.0% | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.434 |
Hypercholesterolemia c
| 2.8% | −0.33 | 0.09 | <0.001 |
Diabetes Mellitus c
| 2.5% | −0.04 | 0.09 | 0.672 |
Irritable Bowel Syndrome c
| 1.6% | −0.15 | 0.10 | 0.132 |
Food intolerance c
| 0.6% | −0.31 | 0.16 | 0.054 |
Binge eating disorder c
| 0.5% | 0.32 | 0.13 | 0.016 |
Overweight & Diabetes c
| 8.0% | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.052 |
Overweight & Hypercholesterolemia c
| 4.8% | −0.00 | 0.05 | 0.935 |
Overweight & Hypertension c
| 4.3% | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.003 |
Overweight & Diabetes & Hypercholesterolemia c
| 4.3% | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.444 |
Overweight & Diabetes & Hypertension c
| 3.2% | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.015 |
Overweight & Binge eating disorder c
| 1.6% | 0.14 | 0.07 | 0.043 |
Overweight & Irritable Bowel Syndrome c
| 1.3% | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.952 |
Therapists’ demographics
| ||||
Age (years) | 46.0 ± 6.1 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.539 |
Female (male) | 93.6% | 0.60 | 0.30 | 0.048 |
Inter-practitioner variation in the number of consultations per treatment
Intercept only model | Model 1 a
| Model 2 b
| Model 3 c
| Model 4 d
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variance estimate
| 0.1909 | 0.1694 | 0.1621 | 0.1573 | 0.1378 |
Proportional reduction in variance estimates compared to the intercept only model
| 11.3% | 15.1% | 17.6% | 27.8% | |
Variance partitioning coefficient
| |||||
Therapist level | 10.4% | 9.0% | 8.6% | 8.2% | 7.1% |