Background
Study methodology
Study area
Sampling and sample size
Study design and study tools
Data analysis
Results
Section 1: Socio-demographic distribution of the respondents in the six states
Variable | Abuja N =771 n(%) | Adamawa N =728 n(%) | Enugu N = 769n(%) | Kano N = 747 n(%) | Lagos N = 726 n(%) | Rivers N = 776 n(%) | Combined N = 4517 n(%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wife | 405 | 664 | 658 | 460 | 537 | 584 | 3308 |
Adult female household rep | 265 | 42 | 106 | 51 | 176 | 177 | 817 |
Sex: Female
| 671 | 708 | 763 | 509 | 711 | 761 | 4123 |
Attended School
| 742 | 460 | 730 | 581 | 710 | 762 | 3985 |
Highest level of education
| |||||||
Primary School | 54(7) | 125(27) | 152(21) | 116(20) | 60(8) | 38(5) | 545(14) |
Junior Secondary School | 40(5) | 57(12) | 66(9) | 83(3) | 23(3) | 32(4) | 301(8) |
Senior Secondary school | 264(36) | 137(30) | 275(38) | 219(38) | 299(42) | 393(52) | 1587(40) |
Teacher training college | 21(3) | 8(2) | 26(4) | 31(4) | 14(2) | 16(2) | 116(3) |
College of Education | 34(5) | 71(15) | 25(3) | 47(8) | 24(3) | 82(11) | 283(7) |
University of Polytechnic | 310 | 47 | 182 | 71 | 259 | 186 | 1055 |
Others | 18(2) | 14(3) | 4(.5) | 97(17) | 28(4) | 17(2) | 178(5) |
Employment status
| |||||||
Unemployed | 178(16) | 321(29) | 175(16) | 155(14) | 167(15) | 95(9) | 1091(25) |
Subsistence farmer /herd keeper | 19(3) | 25(10) | 74(2) | 13(2) | 1(.1) | 53(7) | 185(4) |
Petty trader /artisan | 136(18) | 245(34) | 237(31) | 240(34) | 93(29) | 219(29) | 1170(26) |
Govt worker | 127(17) | 97(13) | 99(13) | 89(13) | 25(3) | 109(14) | 546(12) |
Private sector employee | 90(12) | 18(3) | 64(8) | 15(2) | 48(7) | 157(21) | 392(9) |
Big biz/self employed | 158(21) | 14(2) | 95(12) | 70(10) | 327(45) | 77(10) | 741(17) |
Others | 77(10) | 7(1) | 39(5) | 129(18) | 58(8) | 50(7) | 360(8) |
Marital status: Married | 487(63) | 652(90) | 652(85) | 664(94) | 554(76) | 589(77) | 3598(81) |
Muslim | 186(24) | 521(72) | 5(7) | 706(99.7) | 148(20) | 9(1) | 1575(35) |
Christian | 586(76) | 205(28) | 762(99) | 3(.4) | 574(79) | 751(98) | 2830(65) |
Traditional | 2(.3) | 1(.1) | 0(.0) | 0(.0) | 2(.3) | 2(.3) | 7(.1) |
Others | 0(0) | 1(.1) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 1(.1) |
Age mean (SD)
| 30.9 (8.0) | 31.6 (7.6) | 31.0 (7.1) | 32.1 (7.0) | 31.0 (6.7) | 31.9 (6.2) | 31.4 (7.1) |
States | Q1 (most poor) n(%) | Q2 (very poor) n(%) | Q3 (average) n(%) | Q4 (poor) n(%) | Q5 (least poor) n(%) | TOTAL n(%) | Chi-square (p-value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abuja | 62 (8.0) | 121 (15.7) | 110 (14.3) | 195 (25.3) | 283 (36.7) | 771 (100) | (<.001) |
Adamawa | 160 (22.0) | 185 (25.4) | 149 (20.5) | 133 (18.3) | 101 (13.9) | 728 (100) | (<.001) |
Enugu | 255 (33.2) | 242 (31.5) | 177 (23.0) | 82 (10.7) | 13 (1.7) | 769 (100) | (<.001) |
Kano | 247 (33.1) | 199 (26.6) | 138 (18.5) | 99 (13.3) | 64 (8.6) | 747 (100) | (<.001) |
Lagos | 113 (15.6) | 88 (12.1) | 209 (28.8) | 162 (22.3) | 154 (21.2) | 726 (100) | (<.001) |
Rivers | 67 (8.6) | 69 (8.9) | 120 (15.5) | 232 (29.9) | 288 (37.1) | 776 (100) | (<.001) |
Total | 904 (100) | 904 (100) | 903 (100) | 903 (100) | 903 (100) | 4517 (100) | (<.001) |
Acceptability of different contraceptives in the six-geopolitical zones
Variable | Abuja Mean (SD) | Adamawa Mean (SD) | Enugu Mean (SD) | Kano Mean (SD) | Lagos Mean (SD) | Rivers Mean (SD) | Combined Mean (SD) |
X 2 (p-value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male condom | 5.7(3.2) | 3.2(3.8) | 5.8(3.3) | 1.8(2.6) | 6.4(3.8) | 6.9(2.5) | 5.0(3.7) | 1026.0 (<0.001) |
Female condom | 2.2(2.3) | 1.8(2.4) | 4.3(3.06) | 1.0(1.3) | 5.7(3.8) | 6.1(2.9) | 3.5(3.4) | 1638.8 (<0.0001) |
IUD | 3.0(3.0) | 1.7(2.5) | 3.5(2.9) | 1.0(1.4) | 3.6(3.2) | 4.5(2.8) | 2.9(2.9) | 1089.0 (<0.0001) |
Implants | 3.8(2.9) | 4.1(4.2) | 4.9(3.1) | 1.9(2.7) | 4.0(3.4) | 5.3(2.6) | 4.0(3.4) | 1214.2 (<0.0001) |
Injectables | 3.2(2.9) | 2.7(3.4) | 4.9(3.2) | .9(1.1) | 4.5(3.6) | 5.5(2.5) | 3.7(3.3) | 614.1 (<0.0001) |
Oral Contraceptive Pills (OCP) | 4.3(3.1) | 3.5(3.8) | 5.1(3.3) | 2.1(2.9) | 3.5(3.2) | 5.1(2.6) | 4.0(3.3) | 579.5 (<0.0001) |
Variable | Q1 n(%) | Q2 n(%) | Q3 n(%) | Q4 n(%) | Q5 n(%) | Q1:Q5 ratio |
X 2 (p-value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male condom | 3.9(3.8) | 4.5(3.7) | 5.3(3.7) | 5.4(3.5) | 5.8(3.4) | 0.7 | 145.8 (.0001) |
Female condom | 2.9(3.2) | 3.0(3.2) | 3.8(3.5) | 4.0(3.5) | 3.9(3.3) | 0.7 | 119.0 (.0001) |
IUD | 2.2(2.6) | 2.4(2.6) | 2.9(2.9) | 3.2(3.0) | 3.8(3.2) | 0.6 | 202.1 (.0001) |
Implant | 3.1(3.4) | 3.2(3.2) | 3.8(3.3) | 4.0(3.3) | 4.1(3.2) | 0.8 | 102.6 (.0001) |
Injectible | 3.5(3.5) | 3.8(3.4) | 4.2(3.4) | 4.2(3.2) | 4.3(3.2) | 0.8 | 57.6 (.0001) |
Oral Contraceptive Pill | 3.5(3.5) | 3.7(3.3) | 4.0(3.3) | 4.2(3.2) | 4.4(3.2) | 0.8 | 63.1 (.0001) |
Variable | Urban n(%) | Rural n(%) | Urban:Rural ratio |
X 2 (p-value) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Male condom | 5.1(3.6) | 4.9(3.7) | 1.0 | 9.4 (.002) |
Female condom | 3.7(3.3) | 3.3(3.4) | 1.1 | 27.1 (.0001) |
IUD | 3.1(3.0) | 2.7(2.9) | 1.1 | 27.1 (.0001) |
Implant | 3.7(3.3) | 3.7(3.3) | 1.0 | 2.4 (.12) |
Injectible | 4.2(3.4) | 3.8(3.3) | 1.1 | 18.5 (.0001) |
Oral contraceptive Pill | 4.0(3.3) | 3.9(3.4) | 1.0 | 4.4 (.037) |
Source of contraceptives
Contraceptives | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Providers | Male condoms n(%) | Female condoms n(%) | Implants n(%) | Injectibles n(%) | Oral pills n(%) | IUDs n(%) |
Public hospitals | 41(7.2%) | 10(20%) | 28(50.9%) | 37(17.5%) | 52(13.7%) | 37(47.4%) |
Private hospitals | 22(3.9%) | 4(8%) | 8(14.6%) | 54(25.6%) | 21(5.4%) | 14(18.0%) |
Pharmacy | 273(48.0%) | 13(26%) | 1(1.8%) | 29(13.7%) | 179(47.2%) | 0(0) |
PMVs | 188(33.0%) | 3(6%) | 1(1.8%) | 12(5.7%) | 82(21.6%) | 0(0) |
PHC | 21(3.7%) | 2(4%) | 1(1.8%) | 29(13.7%) | 10(2.6%) | 15(19.2%) |
Others | 24(4.2) | 18(36%) | 16(29%) | 50(23.7%) | 35(9.3%) | 12(15.4%) |
SES differences in major sources of the modern contraceptives
Variable | Q1 n(%) n = 904 | Q2n(%) n = 904 | Q3n(%) n = 903 | Q4n(%) n = 903 | Q5n(%) n = 903 | Q1:Q5 ratio |
X 2 (p-value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male condom
| |||||||
Government hospital | 5(0.6) | 5(0.6) | 11(1.2) | 5(0.6) | 15(1.7) | 0.3 | 105(0.33) |
Private hospital | 2(0.2) | 6(0.7) | 2(0.2) | 5(0.6) | 7(0.8) | 0.3 | 4.8(0.304) |
PMD | 37(4.5) | 40(4.4) | 45(5.0) | 42(4.7) | 24(2.7) | 1.6 | 7.4(0.118) |
Pharmacy shop | 27(3.0) | 49(5.4) | 56(6.2) | 67(7.4) | 74(8.2) | 0.4 | 25.9(0.000) |
Others | 9(1.0) | 10(1.1) | 13(1.4) | 31(3.4) | 37(4.1) | 0.2 | 34.8(0.000) |
Female condom
| |||||||
Govt hospital | 1(0.1) | 1(0.1) | 2(0.2) | 4(0.4) | 2(0.2) | 0.5 | 3.0(0.556) |
Private hospital | 0 | 1(0.1) | 1(0.1) | 1(0.1) | 1(0.1) | 0 | 1.0(0.910) |
PMD | 0 | 0 | 1(0.1) | 1(0.1) | 1(0.1) | 0 | 2.0(0.735) |
Pharmacy shop | 0 | 1(0.1) | 4(0.4) | 6(0.6) | 2(0.2) | 0 | 9.0(0.062) |
Others | 4(0.4) | 5(0.6) | 2(0.2) | 0 | 2(0.2) | 2 | 5.9(0.210) |
IUD
| |||||||
Govt hospital | 7(0.8) | 3(0.3) | 9(1.0) | 10(1.0) | 8(0.9) | 0.9 | 4.0(0.408) |
Private hospital | 2(0.2) | 3(0.3) | 0 | 5(0.6) | 7(0.8) | 0.3 | 8.6(0.071) |
PMD | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | N/A |
Pharmacy shop | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | N/A |
Others | 3(0.3) | 2(0.2) | 0 | 2(0.2) | 3(0.3) | 1 | 3.0(0.557) |
Implant
| |||||||
Govt hospital | 3(0.3) | 6(0.6) | 4(0.4) | 4(0.4) | 11(1.2) | 0.3 | 7.4(0.116) |
Private hospital | 0 | 0 | 2(0.2) | 1(0.1) | 5(0.5) | 0 | 10.8(0.029) |
PMD | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1(0.1) | 0 | 4.0(0.406) |
Pharmacy shop | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1(0.1) | 0 | 4.0(0.406) |
Others | 3(0.3) | 4(0.4) | 1(0.1) | 1(0.1) | 4(0.4) | 0.3 | 3.5(0.471) |
Injectible
| |||||||
Govt hospital | 8(0.9) | 13(1.4) | 13(1.4) | 7(0.8) | 11(1.2) | ||
Private hospital | 7(0.8) | 8(0.9) | 8(0.9) | 13(1.4) | 18(2.0) | 0.4 | 8.2(0.086) |
PMD | 5(0.6) | 1(0.1) | 1(0.1) | 3(0.3) | 2(0.2) | 2.5 | 4.7(0.322) |
Pharmacy shop | 11(1.2) | 30(3.3) | 27(3.0) | 15(1.7) | 14(1.6) | 0.8 | 15.2(0.004) |
Others | 4(0.4) | 0 | 3(0.3) | 2(0.2) | 1(0.1) | 4 | 5.0(0.286) |
OCP
| |||||||
Govt hospital | 8(0.9) | 13(1.4) | 13(1.4) | 7(0.8) | 11 | 0.7 | 3.0(0.552) |
Private hospital | 2(0.2) | 5(0.6) | 4(0.4) | 2(0.2) | 8(1.3) | 0.3 | 5.9(0.204) |
PMD | 10(1.1) | 17(1.9) | 26(2.9) | 15(1.7) | 14(1.6) | 0.7 | 8.8(0.067) |
Pharmacy shop | 18(2.0) | 29(3.2) | 40(4.4) | 43(4.8) | 49(5.4) | 0.4 | 17.7(0.001) |
Others | 0(0) | 4(0.4) | 4(0.4) | 2(0.2) | 5(0.6) | 0 | 5.5(0.253) |
Geographic differences in major sources of the modern contraceptives
Variable | Urban n(%) n =2204 | Rural n(%) n = 2313 | Urban : rural ratio |
X 2 (p-value) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Male condom
| ||||
Government hospital | 30(1.4) | 11(0.5) | 2.7 | 9.8(0.002) |
Private hospital | 19(0.9) | 3(0.1) | 6.3 | 12.5(0.000) |
PMD | 73(3.3) | 115(5.0) | 0.6 | 7.8(0.005) |
Pharmacy shop | 159(7.2) | 114(5.0) | 1.4 | 10.4(0.001) |
Others | 52(2.4) | 48(2.1) | 1.1 | 0.4(0.517) |
Female condom
| ||||
Govt hospital | 7(0.3) | 3(0.1) | 2.3 | 1.8(0.179) |
Private hospital | 2(0.1) | 2(0.1) | 1 | 0.0(0.961) |
PMD | 1(0.0) | 2(0.1) | 0.5 | 0.3(0.592) |
Pharmacy shop | 10(0.5) | 3(0.1) | 3.3 | 4.1(0.042) |
Others | 9(0.4) | 4(0.2) | 2.3 | 2.2(0.140) |
IUD
| ||||
Govt hospital | 21(1.0) | 16(0.7) | 1.3 | 0.9(0.331) |
Private hospital | 12(0.5) | 5(0.2) | 2.4 | 3.2(0.072) |
PMD | 0 | 0 | 0 | N/A |
Pharmacy shop | 0 | 0 | 0 | N/A |
Others | 7(0.3) | 3(0.1) | 2.3 | 1.8(0.174) |
Implant
| ||||
Govt hospital | 17(0.8) | 11(0.5) | 1.5 | 1.6(0.206) |
Private hospital | 6(0.3) | 2(0.1) | 3.0 | 2.2(0.138) |
PMD | 0 | 1(0.0) | 0 | 1.0(0.329) |
Pharmacy shop | 0 | 1(0.0) | 0 | 1.0(0.329) |
Others | 9(0.4) | 4(0.2) | 2.3 | 2.3(0.140) |
Injectable
| ||||
Govt hospital | 64(2.9) | 33(1.4) | 1.9 | 11.7(0.001) |
Private hospital | 38(1.7) | 16(0.7) | 2.4 | 10.1(0.001) |
PMD | 1(0.0) | 11(0.5) | 0.1 | 7.9(0.005) |
Pharmacy shop | 19(0.9) | 10(0.4) | 1.9 | 3.3(0.071) |
Others | 1(0.0) | 9(0.4) | 0.1 | 6.0(0.014) |
OCP
| ||||
Govt hospital | 26 | 26 | 1 | 0.031(0.861) |
Private hospital | 15(0.7) | 6(0.3) | 2.5 | 4.3(0.038) |
PMD | 27(1.2) | 55(2.4) | 0.5 | 8.4(0.004) |
Pharmacy shop | 102(4.6) | 77(3.3) | 1.3 | 5.0(0.25) |
Others | 12(0.5) | 3(0.1) | 4 | 5.9(0.0150 |