Background
Methods
Results
Sample characteristics
Factor | N | Percent |
---|---|---|
Individual level factors
| ||
Maternal age (years) | ||
≤ 19 | 191 | 3.0 |
20-34 | 3563 | 60.3 |
35-49 | 2232 | 36.7 |
Maternal education
| ||
Secondary or higher | 2256 | 39.6 |
Primary | 1714 | 27.6 |
No education | 2016 | 32.9 |
Paternal education
| ||
Secondary or higher | 2593 | 44.4 |
Primary | 1685 | 27.3 |
No education | 1708 | 28.3 |
Maternal occupation
| ||
Not working | 3608 | 61.4 |
Working | 2378 | 38.6 |
Birth order
| ||
1 | 853 | 14.1 |
2-3 | 1680 | 29.0 |
≥ 4 | 3453 | 56.9 |
Frequency of antenatal care visits
| ||
≥ 4 | 3341 | 55.0 |
1-3 | 1860 | 31.9 |
0 | 781 | 13.1 |
Antenatal service components
| ||
0 | 883 | 14.6 |
1 | 210 | 3.4 |
2 | 3772 | 62.9 |
3 | 667 | 11.3 |
4 | 454 | 7.8 |
Intake of iron during pregnancy
| ||
Yes | 3900 | 63.1 |
No | 2080 | 36.9 |
Pregnancy complications
| ||
Present | 5610 | 93.7 |
Absent | 376 | 6.3 |
Age of mother at childbirth
| ||
≤ 19 | 462 | 7.4 |
20-34 | 3968 | 66.7 |
35-49 | 1556 | 25.9 |
Household level factors
| ||
Religion
| ||
Roman Catholic | 5857 | 98.0 |
Others | 129 | 2.0 |
Wealth status
| ||
Rich (upper 20%) | 988 | 20.7 |
Middle (middle 40%) | 2456 | 39.5 |
Poor (lower 40%) | 2542 | 39.8 |
Community level factors
| ||
Residential location
| ||
Urban | 1383 | 24.7 |
Rural | 4603 | 75.3 |
Factors influencing facility delivery
Factor | Home delivery (N = 4472) | Facility delivery(N = 1514) | P* |
---|---|---|---|
n (%; 95% CI)#
| n (%; 95% CI)#
| ||
Individual level factors
| |||
Maternal age (years) | < 0.001 | ||
≤ 19 | 147 (3.0; 2.5, 3.7) | 44 (2.6; 1.9, 3.7) | |
20-34 | 2684 (58.1; 56.4, 59.8) | 879 (66.9; 63.6, 70.1) | |
35-49 | 1817 (38.9; 37.2, 40.5) | 415 (30.5; 27.5, 33.6) | |
Maternal education
| < 0.001 | ||
Secondary or higher | 1395 (30.1; 28.3, 31.9) | 861 (67.7; 64.8, 70.5) | |
Primary | 1418 (30.1; 28.3, 32.0) | 296 (20.0; 17.8, 22.5) | |
No education | 1835 (39.8; 37.7, 42.1) | 181 (12.3, 10.4, 14.4) | |
Paternal education
| < 0.001 | ||
Secondary or higher | 1710 (36.4; 34.5, 38.3) | 883 (68.3; 65.4, 71.1) | |
Primary | 1398 (29.7; 28.2, 31.2) | 287 (19.9; 17.4, 22.7) | |
No education | 1540 (33.9; 32.1, 35.8) | 168 (11.8; 10.1, 13.7) | |
Maternal occupation
| < 0.001 | ||
Not working | 2652 (57.9; 56.0, 59.7) | 956 (72.0; 69.0, 74.8) | |
Working | 1996 (42.1; 40.3, 44.0) | 382 (28.0; 25.2, 31.0) | |
Birth order
| < 0.001 | ||
1 | 571 (12.2; 11.2, 13.3) | 282 (19.9; 17.8, 22.1) | |
2-3 | 1241 (26.8; 25.5, 28.2) | 493 (35.7; 32.4, 39.1) | |
≥ 4 | 2836 (61.0; 59.3, 62.8) | 617 (44.4; 41.2, 47.7) | |
Frequency of antenatal care visits
| < 0.001 | ||
≥ 4 | 2409 (50.5; 48.2, 52.8) | 932 (68.2; 64.5, 71.7) | |
1-3 | 1471 (32.4; 30.5, 34.3) | 389 (30.6; 27.2, 34.1) | |
0 | 768 (17.1; 15.4, 19.0) | 17 (1.2; 0.7, 2.1) | |
Antenatal service components
| < 0.001 | ||
0 | 861 (19.0; 17.2, 21.0) | 22 (1.4; 0.9, 2.3) | |
1 | 183 (3.8; 3.2, 4.5) | 27 (2.1; 1.4, 3.1) | |
2 | 2914 (61.9; 59.8, 64.0) | 858 (65.9; 62.0, 69.5) | |
3 | 419 (9.4; 8.3, 10.5) | 248 (17.1; 14.9, 19.5) | |
4 | 271 (5.9; 5.1, 6.9) | 183 (13.5; 11.1, 16.4) | |
Intake of iron during pregnancy
| < 0.001 | ||
Yes | 2914 (59.4; 57.0, 61.7) | 986 (74.0; 69.1, 78.3) | |
No | 1730 (40.6; 38.3, 43.0) | 350 (26.0; 21.7, 30.9) | |
Pregnancy complications
| 0.131 | ||
Present | 4340 (93.3; 92.2, 94.3) | 1270 (95.0; 92.9, 96.5) | |
Absent | 308 (6.7; 5.7, 7.8) | 68 ( 5.0; 3.5, 7.1) | |
Age of mother at childbirth
| < 0.001 | ||
≤ 19 | 342 (7.2; 6.4, 8.1) | 120 (7.8; 6.2, 9.7) | |
20-34 | 3017 (64.9; 63.3, 66.4) | 951 (72.3; 69.0, 75.3) | |
35-49 | 1289 (27.9; 26.4, 29.4) | 267 (19.9; 17.4, 22.8) | |
Household level factors
| |||
Religion
| 0.290 | ||
Roman Catholic | 4550 (98.1; 97.5, 98.6) | 1307 (97.5; 95.8, 98.5) | |
Others | 98 (1.9; 1.4, 2.5) | 31 (2.5; 1.5, 4.2) | |
Wealth status
| < 0.001 | ||
Rich (upper 20%) | 406 (10.2; 8.7, 11.9) | 582 (51.9; 47.3, 56.4) | |
Middle (middle 40%) | 1907 (40.9; 38.7,43.1) | 549 (35.2; 31.4, 39.3) | |
Poor (lower 40%) | 2335 (48.9; 46.4, 51.4) | 207 (12.9; 10.9, 15.2) | |
Community level factors
| |||
Residential location
| < 0.001 | ||
Urban | 740 (14.4; 12.8, 16.2) | 643 (55.3; 50.8, 59.6) | |
Rural | 3908 (85.6; 83.8, 87.2) | 695 (44.7; 40.4, 49.2) |
Factor | Crude odds ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | P |
---|---|---|---|
Maternal education
| < 0.001 | ||
Secondary or higher | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Primary | 3.38 (2.84, 4.04) | 1.47 (1.18, 1.85) | |
No education | 7.33 (5.97, 9.01) | 2.04 (1.56, 2.66) | |
Paternal education
| 0.010 | ||
Secondary or higher | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Primary | 2.79 (2.34, 3.34) | 1.22 (0.97, 1.53) | |
No education | 5.41 (4.47, 6.55) | 1.45 (1.14, 1.84) | |
Maternal occupation
| < 0.001 | ||
Not working | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Working | 1.87 (1.61, 2.17) | 1.55 (1.32, 1.81) | |
Birth order
| < 0.001 | ||
1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
2-3 | 1.23 (0.99, 1.51) | 1.47 (1.15, 1.87) | |
≥ 4 | 2.24 (1.88, 2.68) | 1.78 (1.36, 2.32) | |
Frequency of antenatal care visits
| < 0.001 | ||
≥ 4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
1-3 | 1.43 (1.19, 1.72) | 1.13 (0.93, 1.37) | |
0 | 18.85 (10.82, 32. 83) | 4.68 (2.65, 8.28) | |
Antenatal service components
| 0.52 (0.48, 0.57) | 0.72 (0.64, 0.80) | < 0.001 |
Wealth status
| < 0.001 | ||
Rich (upper 20%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Middle (middle 40%) | 5.89 (4.73, 7.34) | 2.69 (2.14, 3.37) | |
Poor (lower 40%) | 19.28 (15.01, 24.76) | 5.20 (3.93, 6.90) | |
Residential location
| < 0.001 | ||
Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Rural | 7.33 (5.76, 9.34) | 2.83 (2.22, 3.66) |