Introduction
Methods
Study design
Setting/Participants
Variables and definitions
Data sources/measurement
Statistical methods
Results
Variables | All participants | OSA no | OSA yes | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
N | 137 | 53 (39%) | 84 (61%) | |
Gender (male/female) | 36/101 (26/74%) | 7/46 (19/45%) | 29/55 (81/55%) | 0.006 |
Age (years) | 43 (11) | 36 (8.8) | 48 (9.8) | <0.001 |
Smokers | 36 (26%) | 15 (28%) | 21 (25%) | 0.830 |
Alcohol consumption (units/week) | 1.1 (1.8) | 0.9 (1.5) | 1.2 (2.1) | 0.350 |
Anthropometric measures
| ||||
BMI (kg/m²) | 46.9 (5.7) | 46.3 (5.2) | 47.2 (6.1) | 0.377 |
Weight (kg) | 136 (22.2) | 134 (22.3) | 137 (22.1) | 0.324 |
Neck (cm) | 42 (4.2) | 40.5 (3.8) | 43.1 (4.1) | <0.001 |
Waist (cm) | 135 (14) | 132 (13.6) | 136 (13.5) | 0.097 |
Hip (cm) | 139 (12) | 140 (10.0) | 138 (13.2) | 0.389 |
Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.98 (0.09) | 0.9 (0.1) | 1.0 (0.1) | 0.005 |
Blood pressure (mean value, 24-hour ambulatory pressure)
| ||||
Systolic (mmHg) | 135 (17) | 128 (14) | 139 (18) | <0.001 |
Diastolic(mmHg) | 84 (10) | 81 (10) | 86 (10) | 0.016 |
Comorbidities
| ||||
Coronary heart disease | 5 (4%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (6%) | 0.156 |
Hypertension | 48 (35%) | 10 (19%) | 38 (45%) | 0.002 |
Albuminuria
| ||||
Microalbuminuria | 19 (14%) | 4 (8%) | 15 (19%) | 0.126 |
Macroalbuminuria | 4 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (5%) | 0.153 |
Hypothyreosis | 18 (13%) | 6 (11%) | 12 (14%) | 0.796 |
Anxiety and/or depression | 56 (41%) | 28 (53%) | 28 (33%) | 0.032 |
Asthma | 35 (26%) | 16 (30%) | 19 (23%) | 0.421 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 5 (4%) | 2 (4%) | 3 (4%) | 1.000 |
Inflammation
| ||||
Leptin (microg/l) | 60.9 (19.3) | 66.6 (16.4) | 57.4 (20.3) | 0.001 |
Visfatin (ng/ml) | 26.0 (63.2) | 33.2 (97.6) | 21.5 (23) | 0.692 |
High sensitive CRP (mg/l) | 3.0 (2.6) | 3.5 (3.2) | 2.6 (2.1) | 0.231 |
Osteoprotegerin (microg/ml)( | 2644 (1640) | 2381 (1413) | 2809 (1757) | 0.099 |
Adiponectin (pg/ml) | 5510 (3368) | 5278 (2633) | 5656 (3767) | 0.954 |
IL1Ra (pg/ml) | 964 (1964) | 877 (1913) | 1020 (2004) | 0.396 |
Leptin:adiponectin ratio (ng/ml:pg/ml) | 0.016 (0.012) | 0.017 (0.012) | 0.015 (0.012) | 0.096 |
Variables | All participants | OSA no | OSA yes | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
N | 137 | 53 (39%) | 84 (61%) | |
Sleep registration
| ||||
Apnea-Hypopnea index | 16 (20) | 2 (2) | 25 (22) | <0.001 |
Oxygen desaturation index | 17 (18) | 3 (3) | 26 (21) | <0.001 |
Snoring (5 of sleep time) | 19 (21) | 11 (14) | 23 (23) | <0.001 |
SpO2 (%) | 93 (3) | 95 (2) | 93 (3) | <0.001 |
Glucose metabolism
| ||||
Glucose, fasting (mmol/l) | 6.6 (2.0) | 5.8 (1.1) | 7.1 (2.3) | <0.001 |
Glucose, 2 hour (mmol/l) | 7.6 (3.2) | 6.5 (2.5) | 8.3 (3.4) | 0.001 |
HbA1 (%) | 5.9 (1.1) | 5.5 (0.8) | 6.1 (1.2) | 0.001 |
Insulin (pmol/l) | 201 (89) | 193 (78) | 207 (96) | 0.468 |
HOMA Insulin Resistance | 3.8 (1.7) | 3.6 (1.4) | 4.0 (1.8) | 0.178 |
OSA according to category of glucose tolerance
Glucose tolerance status | Non OSA (AHI < 5) | Mild OSA (AHI 5-15) | Moderate OSA (AHI 15-30) | Severe OSA (AHI > 30) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Normal glucose tolerance | 49% (26) | 10% (4) | 17% (3) | 25% (6) |
Prediabetes | 34% (18) | 52% (22) | 50% (9) | 38% (9) |
Type 2-diabetes | 17% (9) | 38% (16) | 33% (6) | 38% (9) |
Association between OSA and various measures of glucose tolerance
Model 1 OR (95% CI) | Model 2 OR (95% CI) | Model 3 OR (95% CI) | Model 4 OR (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Prediabetes | 4.4 (1.9-10.6) a | 3.3 (1.1-9.4) c | 3.2 (1.0-10.1) c | 4.0 (1.2-13.2) c |
Type 2-diabetes | 6.9 (2.5-18.7) a | 4.3 (1.3-14.7) c | 4.3 (1.2-16.4) c | 5.4 (1.3-21.5) c |
Gender | 5.3 (1.7-17.1) b | 5.0 (1.5-16.5) b | 4.2 (1.2-14.4) c | |
Age | 1.15 (1.08-1.21) a | 1.15 (1.08-1.22) a | 1.15 (1.08-1.21) a | |
BMI | 1.05 (0.97-1.14) | 1.05 (0.97-1.14) | 1.08 (0.99-1.18) | |
HOMA-IR | 1.0 (0.8-1.3) | 0.9 (0.7-1.3) | ||
hsCRP | 0.9 (0.7-1.0) | |||
a p ≤ 0.001 | b p ≤ 0.01 | c p < 0.05 |