Introduction
Gastric cancer is a common gastrointestinal malignancy. Although the incidence of gastric cancer has declined during the past years, it is still the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death. Gastric cancer is the second most frequent cause of cancer-associated death in malignant tumors that accounts for about 10.4%[
1]. An analysis of the global incidence of cancer mortality showed that there are nearly 900,000 new cases and 700,000 cancer deaths in the world. The incidence of gastric cancer is significantly different in different countries and regions. Gastric cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed cause of cancer death in China[
2]. Gastric cancer is a multifactorial disease with a complex interplay between genetics and both lifestyle and environmental factors, which consequently results in malignant transformation and progression of gastric cancer. Unfortunately, there has been no specific signature of gastric cancer gene expression reported to allow for patient-tailored therapy strategies. Accordingly, there is great demand to further identify novel oncogenes and clinically applicable molecular targets for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
Recent observations have suggested that the metastasis-associated colon cancer1 (MACC1) gene can promote tumor proliferation, invasion and metastasis, which is an independent prognostic indicator of recurrence and disease-free survival. The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/mesenchymal–epithelial transition factor (c-Met) pathway plays a key role in the carcinogenic pathway[
3]. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a glycoprotein secreted by a variety of mesenchymal or tumor cells[
4], which promote migration, invasion, wound healing and survival and suppress apoptosis by c-Met. Met transmits intracellular signals via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and PI3K–AKT pathways. MACC1 was reported to be elevated in various cancer tissues, including ovarian cancer[
5], hepatocellular carcinoma[
6], non-small cell lung cancer[
7], and oral squamous cell carcinoma[
8]. Recently, there have been reports demonstrating that MACC1 may be involved in the growth of blood vessels, lymphangiogenesis and metastasis of gastric cancer[
9‐
11], but little is known regarding its role in gastric cancer development.
MACC1 may be involved in the development of gastric cancer through the HGF/c-Met pathway, or as an independent factor in the gastric process, or through other pathways. MACC1 may become a new molecular marker and target for the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer proliferation and metastasis. In the present study, we investigated MACC1 and c-Met expression by immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and analyzed the relationship, as well as correlating it with clinicopathological parameters and their clinical significance.
Discussion
Recently, Stein et al.[
3] identified the metastasis associated with the colon cancer 1 (MACC1) gene by genome-wide expression analysis in primary tumors, metastases and normal mucosa of subjects with colon cancer. They also observed that MACC1 mRNA expression in colorectal carcinoma might be an independent prognostic indicator of metastasis formation and disease-free survival. The MACC1 gene is located on human chromosome 7 (7p21.1), contains seven exons and six introns, and the effective coding region of the gene is constituted of 2559 nucleotides. MACC1 encodes a putative protein of 852 amino acids. The main structure can be divided into four regions: the ZU5, SH3, and the two C-terminal hydroxyl death domains (DD).
Subsequent study found that there is a close relationship between MACC1 and proliferation, metastasis and recurrence of a variety of tumors. Previous studies have demonstrated that overexpression of MACC1 in lung adenocarcinoma is an independent risk factor for recurrence, and is closely related to the survival rate for patients[
12‐
14]. MACC1 expression is significantly related to vascular invasion and alpha-fetoprotein level, which might serve as a novel prognostic marker in hepatocellular carcinoma[
15]. The positive rate of MACC1 protein expression is related to the protein expression c-Met as shown by QRT-PCR in primary hepatocellular carcinoma and is closely related to recurrence and disease-free survival. Furthermore, patients with tumors expressing MACC1 at the TNM Ι stage have a poorer prognosis compared with those with expression-negative tumors[
16]. MACC1 expression in ovarian cancer was significantly higher in primary tumors than in normal tissues. We found that high levels of MACC1 often correlated with enhanced lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis and the clinicopathological stage[
17]. MACC1 specific small hairpin RNA (shRNA) expression plasmids were constructed and transfected into OVCAR-3 cells, which decreased expression of MACC1 and resulted in significant inhibition of cell proliferation, migration and invasion, with obvious enhancement of apoptosis[
18].
Expression of the MACC1 protein through up-regulation of c-Met is by action on the Sp1 sites, which is the c-Met startup sequence that enhances the cascade effect of HGF/c-Met signaling pathways[
19]. Our results suggest that MACC1 protein expression is consistent with c-Met expression in gastric cancer specimens, which was up-regulated along with the progression of gastric cancer. These results suggest that MACC1 may act as a new parameter for predicting poor prognosis of gastric cancer. Thus, the current findings provide evidence that positive expressions of MACC1 and c-Met in gastric cancer are significantly higher in primary tumors which developed lymph node metastasis, compared to those with no metastasis. It indicates that the MACC1 protein can promote lymph node metastasis through the HGF/c-Met pathway. Research has shown that the HGF/c-Met pathway is related to gastric cancer lymphangiogenesis[
20], which directly or indirectly promotes lymph node metastasis through the VEGF-C/VEGF-D/VEGFR-3 axis[
21,
22]. Taken together, these results revealed that the MACC1 protein can forecast lymph node metastasis, but the specific mechanism of how it is involved in lymph node metastasis needs further examination.
Peritoneal metastasis is a common sign of advanced tumor stage, tumor progression, or disease recurrence in patients with gastric cancer[
23]. Our study shows that positive protein expression of c-Met and MACC1 seems to be related to the peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer, which is consistent with Shirahata, A[
24] related conclusions. MACC1 expression might be an indicator for peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer, but its specific mechanism is unclear. Toiyama, Y. et. al[
25] demonstrated that the HGF/c-Met pathway induces epithelial mesencymal transition (EMT), which has the potential to promote peritoneal dissemination in gastric cancer. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) allows epithelial cells to have mesenchymal-cell characteristics and to acquire the more invasive characteristics of mesenchymal cells, which is also involved in metastasis[
26]. The EMT process of tumor development can facilitate migration and invasion of epithelial tumor cells[
27].
Another clinical result showed a strong correlation between expression of HGF/c-Met and abnormal expression of E-cadherin in tumor cells, which can be viewed as both a cause and effect of EMT[
20]. We speculate that the MACC1 protein may induce the process of EMT in gastric cancer cells through the HGF/c-Met pathway, and consequently influences the peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer. Therefore, determination of this mechanism might provide clinically useful information for peritoneal dissemination and prognosis in patients with gastric cancer.
The five-year survival rate for gastric cancer patients with liver metastases remains less than 5%[
28], and there are still no effective means of prevention and treatment[
29]. The present study confirmed that c-Met was closely related to liver metastasis of gastric cancer which is consistent with the literature[
9]. Also, high MACC1 protein expression was significantly associated with liver metastasis of gastric cancer. It suggested that MACC1 might play an important role in the progress of liver metastases from gastric carcinoma. MACC1 may be used as a new predictive molecular marker of liver metastasis of gastric cancer, and down-regulation of MACC1 may provide a novel method for blocking the process of liver metastasis from gastric cancer. More experiments are needed to verify these hypotheses.
Our results which are consistent with the majority of cancer research suggest that MACC1 and c-Met are the poor prognostic indicators of gastric cancer, which are different from Ge Sh et al.[
30] findings. When Stein elaborated the mechanism of MACC1 protein, she reported that MACC1 mutants lacking the SH3 domain or prolin-rich sequence abrogated the binding of MACC1 to the Met promoter[
31]. More research on this is needed in the future.
In conclusion, it was found that expression of MACC1 correlated with c-Met expression and that both of them correlated with the presence of lymph node metastasis, peritoneal metastasis, and hepatic metastasis in gastric carcinoma. These results suggest that MACC1 and c-Met may serve as parameters for the prognostic prediction of gastric cancer. Furthermore, the specific mechanisms that are involved in the progression of gastric cancer needs further examination.
Competing interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interest.
Authors’ contribution
All authors read and approved the final manuscript.