Background
Methods
Study area and housing conditions
Mosquito sampling
Statistics
Ethics
Results
Mosquito | Hobe | Dirama | Wurib | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CDC | PSC | APS | CDC | PSC | APS | CDC | PSC | APS | Total (%) | |
An. arabiensis
| 874 | 1253 | 19 | 138 | 185 | 0 | 15 | 5 | 0 | 2,489 (52) |
An. pharoensis
| 359 | 18 | 0 | 17 | 9 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 408 (8.52) |
An. christyi
| 7 | 0 | 0 | 23 | 4 | 1 | 312 | 73 | 12 | 432 (9.02) |
An. cinereus
| 3 | 2 | 0 | 19 | 7 | 0 | 95 | 24 | 16 | 166 (3.5) |
An. demeilloni
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 91 | 4 | 2 | 882 | 140 | 141 | 1,261 (26.3) |
An. coustani
| 11 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 16 (0.33) |
An. culicifacies
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 5 | 0 | 12 (0.25) |
An. garnhami
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 (0.06) |
An. rhodesiensis
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.02) |
Total anopheline | 1,255 | 1,273 | 19 | 290 | 210 | 3 | 1,322 | 247 | 169 | 4,788 (100) |
Total culicine | 4,557 | 578 | 1,024 | 988 | 113 | 490 | 1,483 | 324 | 2,549 | 12,106 |
Total mosquitoes | 5,812 | 1,851 | 1,043 | 1,278 | 323 | 493 | 2,805 | 571 | 2,718 | 16,894 |
Housing condition | Indoor-biting An. arabiensis | Indoor-resting An. arabiensis | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (95% CI) | P value | Mean (95% CI) | P value | |
Occupants
| ||||
≤4 | 0.57 (0.33–0.80) | 0.055 | 1.48 (0.58–2.38) | 0.042 |
≥5 | 0.91 (0.65–1.18) | 3.05 (1.84–4.27) | ||
Number of cattle
| ||||
≤2 | 0.61 (0.34–0.89) | 0.429 | 5.62 (3.56–7.68) | 0.004 |
≥3 | 0.75 (0.54–0.96) | 1.81 (0.29–3.32) | ||
Sheep
| ||||
≤1 | 0.73 (0.49–0.97) | 0.921 | 2.36 (1.44–3.28) | 0.402 |
≥2 | 0.71 (0.40–1.02) | 1.61 (0.12–3.10) | ||
Goat
| ||||
≤1 | 0.60 (0.38–0.82) | 0.035 | 1.97 (1.11–2.83) | 0.333 |
≥2 | 1.06 (0.70–1.42) | 2.99 (1.12–4.87) | ||
Horse
| ||||
0 | 0.70 (0.50–0.90) | 0.441 | 2.21 (1.41–3.01) | 0.501 |
≥1 | 0.96 (0.33–1.58) | 0.73 (-3.51–4.96) | ||
Donkey
| ||||
0 | 0.75 (0.55–0.95) | 0.493 | 2.32 (1.50–3.14) | 0.155 |
≥1 | 0.56 (0.07–1.06) | 0.28 (-2.42–2.97) | ||
Chicken
| ||||
≤1 | 0.62 (0.36–0.88) | 0.263 | 1.91 (0.92 –2.91) | 0.459 |
≥2 | 0.84 (0.57–1.12) | 2.52 (1.26–3.79) | ||
Window
| ||||
Absent (n = 157) | 1.02 (0.78–1.27) | <0.001 | 2.35 (1.30–3.39) | 0.628 |
Present (n = 120) | 0.27 (-0.04–0.60) | 1.95 (0.72–3.18) | ||
Hole on roof
| ||||
Absent (n = 210) | 0.61 (0.38–0.83) | 0.023 | 1.17 (0.24–2.10) | <0.001 |
Present (n = 97) | 1.12 (0.75–1.50) | 4.81 (3.31–6.31) | ||
Holes on wall
| ||||
Absent (n = 138) | 0.67 (0.32–1.02) | 0.628 | 0.73 (-0.48–1.94) | 0.002 |
Present (n = 171) | 0.77 (0.54–1.01) | 3.27 (2.22–4.32) | ||
Open eaves
| ||||
Absent (n = 198) | 0.66 (0.43–0.88) | 0.160 | 0.77 (-0.15 –1.69) | <0.001 |
Present (n = 98) | 0.97 (0.60–1.34) | 5.67 (4.22–7.12) | ||
Village
| ||||
Low | 1.82 (1.53–2.12) | <0.001 | 5.35 (4.14–6.57) | <0.001 |
Mid | 0.30 (-0.002–0.598) | <0.001 | 0.83 (-0.42–2.08) | <0.001 |
High | 0.03 (-0.263–0.315) | 0.02 (-1.17 –1.21) | ||
Season
| ||||
Wet | 0.65 (0.34–0.96) | 0.271 | 1.23 (-0.06–2.51) | 0.023 |
Dry | 0.89 (0.61–1.17) | 3.22 (2.08–4.37) |
Housing condition | Indoor-biting An. arabiensis | Indoor-resting An. arabiensis | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
β (95% CI) | p | β (95% CI) | p | |
Number of occupants
| ||||
≥5 | 0.010 (-0.559–0.580) | 0.278 | 0.135 (-0.364–0.634) | 0.596 |
≤4 | 0* | 0 | ||
Number of cattle
| ||||
≥3 | NA | NA | 0.007 (-0.444–0.459) | 0.975 |
≤2 | NA | |||
Number of goats
| ||||
≥2 | -0.027 (-0.498–0.444) | 0.530 | NA | NA |
≤1 | 0 | NA | ||
Window
| ||||
Present (n = 120) | -0.570 (-1.047–0.094) | 0.019 | NA | NA |
Absent (n = 157) | 0 | NA | ||
Holes on roof
| ||||
Present (n = 97) | 0.289 (-0.368–0.947) | 0.388 | 0.258 (-0.156–0.671) | 0.222 |
Absent (n = 210) | 0 | 0 | ||
Holes on wall
| ||||
Present (n = 171) | NA | NA | 0.243 (-0.241–0.727) | 0.325 |
Absent (n = 138) | NA | 0 | ||
Open eaves
| ||||
Present (n = 98) | NA | NA | 1.201 (0.704–1.698) | <0.001 |
Absent (n = 198) | NA | 0 | ||
Village
| ||||
Low | 4.475 (3.475–5.476) | <0.001 | 6.100 (4.571–7.629) | <0.001 |
Mid | 2.850 (1.975–3.724) | <0.001 | 4.411 (2.284–6.537) | <0.001 |
High | 0 | 0 | ||
Season
| ||||
Dry | NA | NA | 0.479 (-0.435–1.393) | 0.304 |
Wet | NA | 0 |
Anopheline status | Window | Village | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Absent | Present | Low | Mid | High | |
Fresh fed
| |||||
Mean
| 2.49 | 0.89 | 2.58 | 0.84 | 0.55 |
p
| 0.005 | 0.001 | |||
Half gravid
| |||||
Mean
| 0.87 | 0.40 | 0.89 | 0.29 | 0.27 |
p
| 0.053 | 0.013 | |||
Gravid
| |||||
Mean
| 0.68 | 0.38 | 0.72 | 0.25 | 0.18 |
p
| 0.196 | 0.051 | |||
Unfed
| |||||
Mean
| 0.74 | 0.29 | 0.75 | 0.29 | 0.27 |
p
| 0.032 | 0.034 | |||
Bovine fed
| |||||
Mean
| 1.34 | 0.44 | 1.31 | 0.56 | 0.14 |
p
| 0.018 | 0.039 | |||
Human fed
| |||||
Mean
| 1.15 | 0.61 | 1.07 | 0.72 | 0.57 |
p
| 0.036 | 0.234 | |||
Human and bovine fed
| |||||
Mean
| 0.46 | 0.08 | 0.46 | 0.21 | 0 |
p
| 0.008 | 0.065 | |||
P. vivax
positive
| |||||
Mean
| 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0 |
p
| 0.299 | 0.512 | |||
P. falciparum
positive
| |||||
Mean
| 0.01 | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 |
p
| 0.346 | 0.847 |
Anopheline status | Open eaves | Village | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Absent | Present | Low | Mid | High | |
Fresh fed
| |||||
Mean
| 3.03 | 9.00 | 8.76 | 1.87 | 1.00 |
p
| 0.001 | <0.001 | |||
Half gravid
| |||||
Mean
| 0.73 | 2.40 | 2.22 | 0.62 | 0 |
p
| 0.013 | 0.031 | |||
Gravid
| |||||
Mean
| 0.83 | 2.71 | 2.64 | 0.32 | 0.25 |
p
| 0.017 | 0.006 | |||
Unfed
| |||||
Mean
| 0.20 | 0.59 | 0.56 | 0.10 | 0 |
p
| 0.324 | 0.418 | |||
Bovine fed
| |||||
Mean
| 1.39 | 4.14 | 3.85 | 1.12 | 0 |
p
| 0.001 | 0.001 | |||
Human fed
| |||||
Mean
| 1.32 | 2.90 | 3.08 | 0.64 | 0.33 |
p
| 0.007 | <0.001 | |||
Human and bovine fed
| |||||
Mean
| 0.27 | 1.32 | 1.19 | 0.16 | 0.33 |
p
| 0.002 | 0.004 | |||
P. vivax
positive
| |||||
Mean
| 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0 |
p
| 0.538 | 0.864 | |||
P. falciparum
positive
| |||||
Mean
| 0 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 |
p
| 0.310 | 0.743 |