Background
Methods
Description of study site
Malariometric survey
Entomologic survey
Extraction of DNA
Molecular analyses on the parasite and host
Results
Malariometric survey
Sub-districts | Village | Malaria Cases | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
October 2005 | December 2005 | February 2006 | |||||||||||
Pf | Pv | Mix (Pf+Pv) | Number Of Slides | Pf | Pv | Mix (Pf+Pv) | Number Of Slides | Pf | Pv | Mix (Pf+Pv) | Number Of Slides | ||
Lahewa | 9 (5.7) | (0) | (0) | 158 | 9 (6.6) | 1 (0.7) | (0) | 136 | 1 (1.1) | (0) | (0) | 91 | |
LAHEWA | Marfala | 8 (12.7) | (0) | (0) | 63 | 11 (30.5) | (0) | (0) | 36 | 5 (8.3) | (0) | (0) | 60 |
Balafadorotuho | 10 (10.3) | 3 (3.1) | (0) | 97 | (0) | (0) | (0) | 78 | 5 (7) | 5 (7) | (0) | 71 | |
SIROMBU | Sirombu | 7 (6.7) | (0) | (0) | 104 | 9 (5.5) | 1 (0.6) | (0) | 162 | 10 (6.3) | 3 (1.9) | 1 (0.6) | 159 |
MANDREHE | OnolimbuRaya | 6 (7) | (0) | (0) | 86 | (0) | (0) | (0) | 44 | 2 (5.5) | 1 (2.8) | (0) | 36 |
Sisarahili | 9 (25) | 2 (5.5) | (0) | 36 | (0) | (0) | (0) | 30 | 3 (8.1) | 1 (2.7) | (0) | 37 | |
Total individuals examined
|
49 (9)
|
5 (0.9)
|
(0)
|
544
|
29 (6)
|
2 (0.4)
|
(0)
|
486
|
26 (5.7)
|
10 (2.2)
|
1 (0.2)
|
454
|
Age group (from ≥ to <) | October 2005 | December 2005 | February 2006 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pf
(%)
|
Pv
(%)
|
Mix Pf+Pv (%)
|
Pf
(%)
|
Pv
(%)
|
Mix Pf+Pv (%)
|
Pf
(%)
|
Pv
(%)
|
Mix Pf+Pv (%)
| |
0–10 | 44 (8.1) | 5 (0.9) | (0) | 29 (6) | 2 (0.4) | (0) | 23 (5.1) | 9 (1.9) | 1 (0.2) |
10–20 | 2 (0.4) | (0) | (0) | (0) | (0) | (0) | 1 (0.2) | (0) | (0) |
20–30 | (0) | (0) | (0) | (0) | (0) | (0) | 2 (0.4) | 1 (0.2) | (0) |
30–40 | (0) | (0) | (0) | (0) | (0) | (0) | (0) | (0) | (0) |
40–50 | 3 (0.5) | (0) | (0) | (0) | (0) | (0) | (0) | (0) | (0) |
Haemoglobin measurement
Malaria infection | No. subjects | Hb (g %) Status | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
< 6
|
6–10
|
> 10
| ||
Uninfected | 412 | 2 | 68 | 342 |
Pf
| 26 | 1 | 5 | 20 |
Pv
| 9 | - | 2 | 7 |
Mixed (Pf/Pv) | 1 | - | - | 1 |
Total | 448 | 3 | 75 | 370 |
Southeast Asian Ovalocytosis
Sub-districts | Village | SAO (%) | Total individuals examined |
---|---|---|---|
Lahewa | 9 (2.3) | 385 | |
LAHEWA | Marfala | - | 159 |
Balefadorotuho | 1 (0.4) | 246 | |
SIROMBU | Sirombu | 5 (1.2) | 425 |
Onolimbu Raya | - | 166 | |
MANDREHE | Sisarahili | - | 103 |
Total | 15 (1) | 1484 |
Entomologic survey
Molecular assays of the P. falciparum isolates
Genotypic profiles of P. falciparum isolates from Nias
Polymorphisms in pfcrt and pfmdr1
No | Sample Code |
DHFR
|
DHPS
|
Pfmdr1
|
PfCRT
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
16V
|
59R
|
108N/T
|
437G
|
540E
|
86Y
|
1042D
|
76T
| ||
1. | 45L | A | - | N | G | K | N | D | T |
2. | 52L | - | - | - | A | K | N | N | T |
3. | 61L | A | R | N | A | K | N | N | T |
4. | 121L | A | C | S | - | - | N | N | T |
5. | 130L | A | - | N | - | - | N | N | T |
6. | 143L | A | C | S | - | - | N | N | T |
7. | 147L | A | - | N | A | K | N | - | T |
8. | 1M | A | C | S | - | - | N | N | T |
9. | 6M | - | - | - | A | K | N | N | T |
10. | 27M | A | C | N | A | K | Y | N | T |
11. | 37M | A | - | N | A | K | Y | N | T |
12. | 38M | A | C | S | A | K | Y | - | T |
13. | 44M | A | R | N | A | K | Y | N | T |
14. | 54M | - | - | - | A | K | N | - | T |
15. | 57M | A | C | N | A | K | Y | N | T |
16. | 40BT | A | R | N | A | K | N | N | T |
17. | 42BT | - | - | - | A | K | N | N | T |
18. | 44BT | - | R | - | A | K | N | N | T |
19. | 46BT | A | - | N | A | K | Y | N | T |
20. | 48BT | - | R | - | A | K | N | - | - |
21. | 57BT | - | - | - | - | - | - | N | T |
22. | 59BT | A | R | N | A | K | Y | N | T |
23. | 84BT | A | R | N | - | - | Y | N | T |
24. | 86BT | - | - | - | A | K | Y | N | T |
25. | 97BT | A | R | N | A | K | N | N | T |
26. | 2OR | - | - | - | A | K | N | N | T |
27. | 7OR | A | R | N | A | K | Y | N | T |
28. | 8OR | A | C | N | A | K | Y | N | T |
29. | 12OR | A | R | N | A | K | Y | N | T |
30. | 31OR | A | R | N | A | K | N | N | T |
31. | 32OR | - | - | - | A | K | N | N | T |
32. | 24SH | - | R | - | A | K | Y | N | T |
33. | 52SH | - | - | - | A | K | Y | N | T |
34. | 54SH | A | C | N | A | K | Y | N | T |
35. | 55SH | A | C | N | - | - | Y | N | T |
36. | 58SH | A | C | N | A | K | - | N | T |
37. | 59SH | A | R | N | A | K | N | N | T |
38. | 64SH | - | R | - | A | K | N | N | T |
39. | 72SH | A | C | N | A | K | N | N | T |
40. | 78SH | A | R | N | A | K | N | N | T |
41. | 2SR | - | - | - | A | K | Y | N | T |
42. | 3SR | A | R | N | - | - | - | N | T |
43. | 11SR | A | - | S | A | K | N | N | - |
44. | 18SR | A | C | N | A | K | N | N | T |
45. | 70SR | A | R | N | A | K | N | N | T |
46. | 81SR | A | R | N | A | K | Y | N | - |
47. | 103SR | A | R | - | - | - | Y | N | - |
No | Sample Code |
DHFR
|
DHPS
|
Pfmdr1
|
PfCRT
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
16V
|
59R
|
108N/T
|
437G
|
540E
|
86Y
|
1042D
|
76T
| ||
1. | 2SR-12 | A | R | N | A | K | N | D | T |
2. | 2SR-13 | - | - | - | A | K | N | N | T |
3. | 2SR-28 | - | - | S | A | K | Y | N | T |
4. | 2SR-31 | - | R | - | A | K | N | N | T |
5. | 2SR-40 | A | C | N | - | - | N | N | T |
6. | 2SR-46 | A | C | N | A | K | N | N | T |
7. | 2SR-49 | - | C | - | A | K | N | N | T |
8. | 2SR-54 | - | - | - | - | - | N | N | T |
9. | 2SR-81 | - | - | - | A | K | N | N | T |
10. | 2LW-5 | A | - | N | A | K | N | N | T |
11. | 2LW-17 | - | - | - | A | K | N | N | T |
12. | 2LW-45 | - | - | - | - | - | N | N | T |
13. | 2LW-54 | A | C | S | A | K | N | N | T |
14. | 2LW-77 | - | - | - | - | - | N | N | T |
15. | 2LW-84 | A | R | N | A | E | N | N | T |
16. | 2LW-85 | - | C | - | A | K | N | N | T |
17. | 2LW-103 | A | R | N | A | K | N | N | T |
18. | 2LW-107 | A | C | N | A | K | Y | N | T |
19. | 2LW-114 | A | C | N | A | K | Y | N | T |
20. | 2M-1 | A | C | S | A | K | N | N | T |
21. | 2M-5 | A | C | S | - | - | N | N | T |
22. | 2M-7 | A | C | N | A | K | N | N | K |
23. | 2M-8 | - | R | - | A | K | N | N | T |
24. | 2M-12 | A | C | N | A | K | N | N | T |
25. | 2M-17 | A | C | N | A | K | N | N | T |
26. | 2M-20 | - | - | - | A | K | N | N | T |
27. | 2M-23 | A | C | N | A | K | N | N | T |
28. | 2M-24 | - | - | - | - | - | N | N | T |
29. | 2M-25 | A | R | N | A | K | N | N | T |
30. | 2M-26 | - | R | - | A | K | N | N | T |
31. | 2M-27 | A | R | N | A | K | N | N | T |
32. | 2M-28 | A | R | N | A | K | N | N | T |
33. | 2M-36 | - | - | - | A | K | N | N | T |
No | Sample Code |
DHFR
|
DHPS
|
Pfmdr1
|
PfCRT
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
16V
|
59R
|
108N/T
|
437G
|
540E
|
86Y
|
1042D
|
76T
| ||
1. | 3SR-5 | A | R | N | A | K | N | N | T |
2. | 3SR-37 | A | C | N | A | K | N | N | T |
3. | 3SR-47 | A | C | N | A | K | N | N | T |
4. | 3SR-54 | - | - | - | A | K | N | N | T |
5. | 3SR-84 | A | R | N | A | K | Y | N | T |
6. | 3SR-86 | A | R | N | A | K | N | N | T |
7. | 3SR-87 | - | - | - | - | - | N | N | T |
8. | 3SR-98 | - | - | - | A | K | Y | N | T |
9. | 3SR-121 | - | R | - | A | K | N | N | T |
10. | 3SR-145 | A | C | N | A | K | Y | N | T |
11. | 3SR-147 | A | C | N | A | K | Y | N | T |
12. | 3SR-164 | A | C/R | N | A | K | Y | N | T |
13. | 3SR-168 | - | - | - | A | K | Y | N | T |
14. | 3SR-213 | A | C | S | A | K | N | N | T |
15. | 3SR-223 | - | - | - | A | K | Y | N | T |
16. | 3LW-32 | A | C | S | - | - | N | N | T |
17. | 3LW-94 | - | R | - | A | K | Y | N | T |
18. | 3LW-101 | - | - | - | A | K | Y | N | T |
19. | 3LW-103 | - | C | - | - | - | N | N | T |
20. | 3LW-107 | - | - | - | A | K | Y | N | T |
21. | 3LW-147 | - | - | - | - | - | N | N | T |
22. | 3LW-187 | A | C/R | N | A | K | N | N | T |
23. | 3LW-197 | - | - | - | - | - | N | N | T |
24. | 3LW-202 | - | - | - | A | K | N | N | T |
25. | 3LW-203 | A | C | N | A | K | N | N | T |
26. | 3LW-210 | - | R | - | - | - | - | - | - |