Background
Methods
Study sites
Site characteristics
People
Statistical methods
Results
Site description
Site's name | ID | Country | Region | type of area | Latitude degree | Longitude degree |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
THIAGO | 1 | Senegal | North | rural | 16.4 | -15.72 |
TEMEYE SALANE | 2 | Senegal | North | rural | 16.33 | -15.77 |
SANINTE | 3 | Senegal | North | rural | 16.23 | -15.8 |
NDIAKHAYE | 4 | Senegal | North | rural | 16.18 | -15.82 |
MALLA | 5 | Senegal | North | rural | 16.12 | -15.87 |
TIABEDJI | 6 | Senegal | South | rural | 12.63 | -12.4 |
SAMAL | 7 | Senegal | South | rural | 12.67 | -12.5 |
THIOBO BANTATA | 8 | Senegal | South | rural | 12.67 | -12.33 |
ASSONI | 9 | Senegal | South | rural | 12.65 | -12.49 |
LANDE RUNDE. LANDE BAITIL | 10 | Senegal | South | rural | 12.55 | -12.40 |
TIPTENGA | 11 | Burkina Faso | North | rural | 13.09 | -0.81 |
FATIN | 12 | Burkina Faso | North | rural | 12.93 | -0.95 |
OUAGADOUGOU S29–30 | 13 | Burkina Faso | North | urban | 12.35 | -1.47 |
OUAGADOUGOU PISSY S17 | 14 | Burkina Faso | North | urban | 12.34 | -1.56 |
OUAGADOUGOU NIOKO II S26 | 15 | Burkina Faso | North | urban | 12.42 | -1.47 |
NIENA | 16 | Burkina Faso | South | rural | 11.72 | -4.72 |
TENASSO | 17 | Burkina Faso | South | rural | 11.28 | -4.93 |
BOBO-DIOULASSO SAMAGAN | 18 | Burkina Faso | South | urban | 11.13 | -4.35 |
BOBO-DIOULASSO DOGONA | 19 | Burkina Faso | South | urban | 11.2 | -4.28 |
BOBO-DIOULASSO KUINIMA | 20 | Burkina Faso | South | urban | 11.15 | -4.28 |
YOUKOUT | 21 | Cameroon | North | rural | 8.29 | 14.09 |
TCHOLLIRE II | 22 | Cameroon | North | rural | 8.45 | 14.26 |
SAKDJE | 23 | Cameroon | North | rural | 8.27 | 13.65 |
BOCKI | 24 | Cameroon | North | rural | 8.75 | 13.53 |
KATE | 25 | Cameroon | North | rural | 8.78 | 13.52 |
MELEN/NKOLAFENDEK | 26 | Cameroon | South | rural | 2.77 | 12.52 |
MIATTA/DJOUZE | 27 | Cameroon | South | rural | 2.73 | 12.63 |
ENDEGUE/ABDELON | 28 | Cameroon | South | rural | 2.69 | 12.64 |
ZOEBEFAM/NKOLEMBOULA | 29 | Cameroon | South | rural | 2.72 | 13.34 |
YEN/MEBAN II | 30 | Cameroon | South | rural | 2.43 | 12.67 |
ID Site | Nb of thick smears | Prevalence of trophozoites (all species) | Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum trophozoites | Prevalence of anti-CSP antibodies | Detection of antimalarial drugs in children's urines | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nb of thick smears + (%) | Nb of thick smears + (%) | Nb of serology | Nb of serology + (%) |
CQ*
|
PYR†
| ||||
CQ+‡ | Prevalence (95% CI) | PYR+§ | Prevalence (95% CI) | ||||||
1 | 100 | 26 (26.0) | 25 (25.0) | 100 | 13 (13.0) | 36 | 36.0 (26.6–46.2) | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–3.6) |
2 | 105 | 17 (16.2) | 17 (16.2) | 105 | 10 (9.5) | 18 | 18.0 (11.0–26.9) | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–3.6) |
3 | 111 | 21 (18.9) | 19 (17.1) | 110 | 13 (11.8) | 16 | 14.5 (8.5–22.5) | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–3.3) |
4 | 120 | 23 (19.2) | 22 (18.3) | 118 | 12 (10.2) | 56 | 47.5 (38.2–56.9) | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–3.1) |
5 | 101 | 54 (53.5) | 47 (46.5) | 100 | 25 (25.0) | 26 | 25.7 (17.6–35.4) | 2 | 2.0 (0.2–7.0) |
6 | 100 | 79 (79.0) | 72 (72.0) | 100 | 55 (55.0) | 20 | 20.0 (12.7–29.2) | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–3.6) |
7 | 100 | 86 (86.0) | 79 (79.0) | 100 | 48 (48.0) | 9 | 9.0 (4.2–16.4) | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–3.6) |
8 | 103 | 89 (86.4) | 83 (80.6) | 103 | 75 (72.8) | 14 | 14.0 (7.9–22.4) | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–3.6) |
9 | 84 | 60 (71.4) | 57 (67.9) | 84 | 39 (46.4) | 18 | 21.4 (13.2–31.7) | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–4.3) |
10 | 110 | 78 (70.9) | 66 (60.0) | 110 | 51 (46.4) | 10 | 9.1 (4.4–16.1) | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–3.3) |
11 | 102 | 90 (88.2) | 90 (88.2) | 104 | 93 (89.4) | 47 | 46.1 (36.2–56.2) | 1 | 1.0 (0.0–5.3) |
12 | 102 | 93 (91.2) | 88 (86.3) | 102 | 98 (96.1) | 33 | 33.7 (24.4–43.9) | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–3.7) |
13 | 102 | 41 (40.2) | 41 (40.2) | 104 | 21 (20.2) | 98 | 90.7 (83.6–95.5) | 1 | 0.9 (0.0–5.1) |
14 | 102 | 42 (41.2) | 38 (37.3) | 105 | 22 (21.0) | 89 | 80.2(71.5–87.1) | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–3.3) |
15 | 100 | 69 (69.0) | 68 (68.0) | 101 | 24 (23.8) | 60 | 61.9 (51.4–71.5) | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–3.7) |
16 | 117 | 100 (85.5) | 99 (84.6) | 115 | 82 (71.3) | 18 | 16.7 (10.2–25.1) | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–3.4) |
17 | 102 | 79 (77.5) | 78 (76.5) | 102 | 88 (86.3) | 18 | 20.0 (12.3–29.8) | 1 | 1.1 (0.0–6.0) |
18 | 102 | 98 (96.1) | 98 (96.1) | 105 | 93 (88.6) | 18 | 18.4 (11.3–27.5) | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–3.7) |
19 | 101 | 88 (87.1) | 88 (87.1) | 104 | 78 (75.0) | 31 | 31.3 (22.4–41.4) | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–3.7) |
20 | 104 | 55 (52.9) | 53 (51.0) | 104 | 30 (28.8) | 66 | 68.8 (58.5–77.8) | 1 | 1.0 (0.0–5.7) |
21 | 101 | 65 (64.4) | 55 (54.5) | 99 | 23 (23.2) | 49 | 51.0 (40.6–61.4) | 20 | 20.8 (13.2–30.3) |
22 | 103 | 83 (80.6) | 80 (77.7) | 66 | 25 (37.9) | 89 | 89.0 (81.2–94.4) | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–3.6) |
23 | 101 | 79 (78.2) | 72 (71.3 | 99 | 46 (46.5) | 35 | 34.7 (25.5–44.8) | 1 | 1.0 (0.0–5.4) |
24 | 101 | 65 (64.4) | 59 (58.4) | 99 | 32 (32.3) | 68 | 67.3 (57.3–76.3) | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–3.6) |
25 | 100 | 52 (52.0) | 41 (41.0) | 86 | 16 (18.6) | 91 | 87.5 (79.6–93.2) | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–3.5) |
26 | 101 | 86 (85.1) | 74 (73.3) | 102 | 29 (28.4) | 56 | 55.4 (45.2–65.3) | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–3.6) |
27 | 99 | 83 (83.8) | 81 (81.8) | 48 | 8 (16.7) | 28 | 27.2 (18.9–36.8) | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–3.5) |
28 | 104 | 87 (83.7) | 84 (80.8) | 95 | 21 (22.1) | 42 | 39.6 (30.3–49.6) | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–3.4) |
29 | 103 | 81 (78.6) | 76 (73.8) | 103 | 22 (21.4) | 25 | 24.3 (16.4–33.7) | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–3.5) |
30 | 107 | 91 (85.0) | 86 (80.4) | 107 | 34 (31.8) | 78 | 72.9 (63.4–81.0) | 2 | 1.9 (0.2–6.6) |
Total | 3088 | 2060 (66.7) | 1936 (62.7) | 2980 | 1226 (41.1) | 1262 | 41.3 (39.6–43.0) | 29 | 1 (0.6–1.4) |
Chloroquine in urine
Variables | N* | CQ+† | Prevalence of presence of CQ‡ % | crude OR | 95%CI | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex
| Male | 1524 | 618 | 41 | 1.00 | |||
Female | 1528 | 644 | 42 | 1.07 | 0.90 | 1.26 | 0.458 | |
Age
| 2–5 years old | 1419 | 691 | 49 | 1.00 | |||
6–9 years old | 1633 | 571 | 35 | 0.74 | 0.63 | 0.89 | 0.001 | |
Fever during the preceeding 3 days
| without | 2252 | 852 | 38 | 1.00 | |||
with | 800 | 410 | 51 | 1.24 | 1.02 | 1.50 | 0.032 | |
Antimalarial treatment during the preceding 7 days
| no | 2652 | 995 | 38 | 1.00 | |||
yes | 400 | 267 | 67 | 1.90 | 1.46 | 2.47 | 0.000 | |
Travel during the preceding 30 days
| no | 2930 | 1203 | 41 | 1.00 | |||
yes | 122 | 59 | 48 | 1.52 | 1.00 | 2.30 | 0.048 | |
Malaria infection
| no | 974 | 466 | 48 | 1.00 | |||
yes | 1939 | 718 | 37 | 0.60 | 0.49 | 0.74 | 0.000 | |
Asexual
Plasmodium falciparum infections
| no | 1094 | 518 | 47 | 1.00 | |||
yes | 1819 | 666 | 37 | 0.61 | 0.50 | 0.75 | 0.000 |
Site's characteristics | N* | CQ+† | Prevalence of CQ‡ % | crudeOR | 95%CI | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country | Senegal | 1023 | 223 | 22 | 1.00 | |||
Burkina Faso | 1007 | 478 | 47 | 3.69 | 1.49 | 9.16 | 0.005 | |
Cameroon | 1022 | 561 | 55 | 5.54 | 2.23 | 13.72 | 0.000 | |
Region | North | 1547 | 811 | 52 | 1.00 | |||
South | 1505 | 451 | 30 | 0.31 | 0.15 | 0.66 | 0.002 | |
Type of area | rural | 2443 | 900 | 37 | 1.00 | |||
urban | 609 | 362 | 59 | 2.93 | 1.01 | 8.46 | 0.047 | |
Prop. ‡ living in an other locality one year before the study | < 5% | 1424 | 471 | 33 | 1.00 | |||
>= 5% | 1628 | 791 | 49 | 2.29 | 0.97 | 5.40 | 0.058 | |
Prop. ‡ living in an other site for more than 1 month during the preceding year | < 15% | 1920 | 685 | 36 | 1.00 | |||
>= 15% | 1132 | 577 | 51 | 2.24 | 0.92 | 5.45 | 0.077 | |
Proportion of visitors among individuals present in the households the night before | < 2% | 1918 | 635 | 33 | 1.00 | |||
>= 2% | 1134 | 627 | 55 | 3.02 | 1.29 | 7.07 | 0.011 | |
Prop. ‡ had a not damaged bed-net | < 30% | 1826 | 868 | 48 | 1.00 | |||
>= 30% | 1226 | 394 | 32 | 0.48 | 0.20 | 1.15 | 0.100 | |
Prop. ‡ had access to stockpiles of antimalarial drugs at home | < 20% | 1955 | 605 | 31 | 1.00 | |||
>= 20% | 1097 | 657 | 60 | 4.05 | 1.86 | 8.81 | 0.000 | |
Average number of individuals by household | < 7 | 834 | 501 | 60 | 1.00 | |||
7–9 | 1293 | 504 | 39 | 0.35 | 0.13 | 0.93 | 0.035 | |
>= 10 | 925 | 257 | 28 | 0.21 | 0.07 | 0.61 | 0.004 | |
Socioeconomic level score in 2 classes | <6 | 2540 | 914 | 36 | 1.00 | |||
>= 6 | 512 | 349 | 68 | 4.73 | 1.74 | 12.87 | 0.002 | |
Length of the travel to join the nearest sanitary structure | < 1 km | 404 | 304 | 75 | 1.00 | |||
1–9.9 km | 1034 | 425 | 41 | 0.20 | 0.06 | 0.67 | 0.010 | |
>= 10 km | 1614 | 533 | 33 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.42 | 0.001 | |
Length of the travel to join the pharmacy the most used | < 5 km | 504 | 340 | 67 | 1.00 | |||
5–9.9 km | 1034 | 425 | 41 | 0.29 | 0.09 | 0.95 | 0.041 | |
>= 10 km | 1514 | 497 | 33 | 0.19 | 0.06 | 0.57 | 0.003 | |
Duration of the route to join the nearest tarmacked road | < 1 hour | 1336 | 640 | 48 | 1.00 | |||
>= 1 hour | 1716 | 622 | 36 | 0.56 | 0.23 | 1.37 | 0.206 | |
Prevalence rate of the anti-CSP antibodies among children between two and nine years of age | < 20% | 635 | 245 | 39 | 1.00 | |||
20–39.9% | 1227 | 746 | 61 | 2.81 | 1.13 | 6.97 | 0.026 | |
>= 40% | 1190 | 271 | 23 | 0.44 | 0.17 | 1.12 | 0.088 | |
Prevalence rate of P. falciparum trophozoites among children between two and nine years of age | < 25% | 428 | 126 | 29 | 1.00 | |||
25–49% | 526 | 351 | 67 | 6.62 | 1.67 | 26.23 | 0.007 | |
50–74% | 989 | 407 | 41 | 1.76 | 0.52 | 5.92 | 0.359 | |
>= 75% | 1109 | 378 | 34 | 1.27 | 0.38 | 4.21 | 0.693 |
Variables | N | CQ+* | Prevalence of CQ † % | Crude OR | 95%CI | p‡ | Adjusted OR | 95%CI | p‡ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | |||||||||||
2–5 years old | 1419 | 691 | 49 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
6–9 years old | 1633 | 571 | 35 | 0.74 | 0.09 | 0.63 | 0.001 | 0.76 | 0.64 | 0.90 | 0.002 |
Fever during the preceding 3 days | |||||||||||
without | 2252 | 852 | 38 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
with | 800 | 410 | 51 | 1.24 | 1.02 | 1.50 | 0.032 | 1.22 | 1.01 | 1.49 | 0.043 |
Proportion of individuals who were living in an other locality one year before the study | |||||||||||
< 5% | 1424 | 471 | 33 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
>= 5% | 1628 | 791 | 49 | 2.29 | 0.97 | 5.40 | 0.058 | 2.53 | 1.38 | 4.64 | 0.003 |
Score in 2 classes representing the households' average socioeconomic level | |||||||||||
< 6 | 2540 | 914 | 36 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
>= 6 | 512 | 349 | 68 | 4.73 | 1.74 | 12.87 | 0.002 | 2.74 | 1.11 | 6.78 | 0.029 |
Prevalence rate of the anti-CSP antibodies | |||||||||||
< 20% | 635 | 245 | 39 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
20–39.9% | 1227 | 746 | 61 | 2.82 | 1.11 | 7.16 | 0.0289 | 2.47 | 1.13 | 5.41 | 0.023 |
>= 40% | 1190 | 271 | 23 | 0.44 | 0.17 | 1.12 | 0.0885 | 0.68 | 0.32 | 1.43 | 0.305 |
Duration of the route to join the nearest tarmacked road | |||||||||||
< 1 hour | 1336 | 640 | 48 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
>= 1 hour | 1716 | 622 | 36 | 0.56 | 0.23 | 1.37 | 0.206 | 0.49 | 0.27 | 0.89 | 0.019 |