Background
Methods
Study area
Routine programmatic larval surveillance by community based personnel
Qualitative preliminary assessment of community-based larval surveillance
Quantitative cross-sectional evaluation of community-based larval surveillance
Statistical analyses
Results
Habitat characteristics found during cross-sectional evaluation
Variables | Anopheles larvae occupancy | Culicine larvae occupancy | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proportion occupied %
(n/N)
a
|
OR [95%CI]
|
P
|
Proportion occupied % (n/N)
a
|
OR [95%CI]
|
P
| |
Natural Habitats
|
28.64 (63/220)
|
1.00
b
|
NA
b
|
20.00 (44/220)
|
1.00
b
|
NA
b
|
Marsh/swampy areas | 36.25 (58/160) | 1.00c | NAc | 11.88 (19/160) | 1.00c | NAc |
Riverbeds | 8.33 (2/24) | 0.38 [0.09,1.64] | 0.192 | 95.83 (23/24) | 137.54 [18.17, 1041.38] | < 0.001 |
Seepages/springs | 8.33 (3/36) | 0.38 [0.11,1.26] | 0.113 | 5.56 (2/36) | 0.35 [0.08,1.51] | 0.160 |
Agricultural artificial habitats
|
43.42 (33/76)
|
1.91 [1.12,3.28]
|
0.019
|
22.37 (17/76)
|
1.15 [0.61, 2.17]
|
0.660
|
Rice paddies | 71.48 (5/7) | 10.33 [1.96,54.39] | 0.006 | 14.28 (1/7) | 0.99 [0.12, 8.46] | 0.998 |
Matuta | 47.06 (16/34) | 3.67 [1.78,7.57] | < 0.001 | 29.41 (10/34) | 2.49 [1.12, 5.52] | 0.025 |
Other agriculture | 34.39 (12/35) | 2.16 [1.02,4.55] | 0.044 | 17.14 (6/35) | 1.24 [0.49, 3.13] | 0.653 |
Non-agricultural artificial habitats
|
5.06(135/2669)
|
0.13 [0.09, 0.19]
|
< 0.001
|
28.81(769/2669)
|
1.60 [1.14,2.26]
|
0.007
|
Tyre tracks/puddles | 19.48 (68/349) | 2.35 [1.55,3.57] | < 0.001 | 14.33 (50/349) | 0.81 [0.46,1.42] | 0.454 |
Drain | 1.96 (21/1070) | 0.84 [0.05,0.14] | < 0.001 | 20.84(223/1070) | 1.60 [1.15, 2.24] | 0.006 |
Construction sites | 6.25 (42/672) | 0.27 [0.18,0.41] | < 0.001 | 31.55 (212/672) | 2.70 [1.92,3.80] | < 0.001 |
Water storage containers | 0.34 (2/587) | 0.01 [0.003,0.058] | < 0.001 | 47.36 (278/587) | 5.34 [3.80, 7.51] | < 0.001 |
Ponds | 18.18 (2/11) | 0.92 [0.19,4.35] | 0.914 | 54.55 (6/11) | 7.18 [2.11, 24.40] | 0.002 |
Total
|
7.79(231/2965)
|
NA
|
NA
|
27.99(830/2965)
|
NA
|
NA
|
CORPs' detection of aquatic habitats
Habitat Category | Habitat type | Total number of wet habitats detected by | Proportion detected by CORPs (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
CORPs
|
Investigator
| |||
Natural Habitats | Marsh/swampy areas | 93 | 160 | 58.1 |
Riverbeds | 24 | 24 | 100.0 | |
Seepages | 29 | 36 | 80.6 | |
Subtotal
|
146
|
220
|
66.4
| |
Agricultural artificial habitats | Rice paddies | 3 | 7 | 42.9 |
Matuta
| 23 | 34 | 67.6 | |
Other agriculture | 18 | 35 | 51.4 | |
Subtotal
|
44
|
76
|
59.9
| |
Non-Agricultural artificial habitats | Tyre tracks/puddles | 176 | 349 | 50.4 |
Drains | 898 | 1050 | 85.5 | |
Construction sites | 450 | 672 | 67.0 | |
Water storage containers | 231 | 587 | 39.4 | |
Ponds | 11 | 11 | 100.0 | |
Subtotal
|
1766
|
2669
|
66.2
| |
Total
|
1956
|
2965
|
66.0
|
Variable | % (n/N) | OR [95%CI] | P |
---|---|---|---|
Habitat category
| NA | NA | 0.053 |
Natural | 66.4 (146/220) | 1.00a | NA |
Artificial non-agricultural | 66.1(1766/266) | 0.60 [0.406,0.909] | 0.015 |
Artificial agricultural | 57.9 (44/76) | 1.38 [0.607,3.143] | 0.441 |
CORPs familiarity with plot
| NA | NA | < 0.001 |
No evidence of unfamiliarity | 75.8(1788/235) | 1.00a | NA |
Clear evidence of unfamiliarity | 27.6 (168/608) | 0.16 [0.130,0.203] | < 0.001 |
Intervention status
| NA | NA | 0.978 |
Non-larviciding | 72.4 (775/1070) | 1.00a | NA |
Larviciding | 62.3(1181/189) | 0.99 [0.645,1.548] | 0.997 |
CORPs' detection of aquatic stage mosquitoes
Anophelines | Culicines | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of habitats found with larvae by
a
|
Proportion detected by CORPs (%)
|
Number of habitats found with larvae by
a
|
Proportion detected by CORPs (%)
| ||||
CORPs
|
Investigator
|
CORPs
|
Investigator
| ||||
Natural Habitats | Marsh/swampy areas | 5 | 24 | 20.8 | 10 | 13 | 76.9 |
Riverbeds | 1 | 2 | 50.0 | 18 | 23 | 78.3 | |
Seepages | 0 | 1 | 0.0 | 1 | 2 | 50.0 | |
Subtotal
|
6
|
27
|
22.2
|
29
|
38
|
76.3
| |
Agricultural artificial habitats | |||||||
Rice paddies | 0 | 2 | 0.0 | 0 | 1 | 0.0 | |
Matuta
| 4 | 9 | 44.4 | 7 | 9 | 77.8 | |
Other agriculture | 1 | 5 | 20.0 | 0 | 1 | 0.0 | |
Subtotal
|
5
|
16
|
31.3
|
7
|
11
|
63.6
| |
Non-agricultural artificial habitats | |||||||
Tyre tracks/puddles | 1 | 14 | 7.1 | 15 | 21 | 71.4 | |
Drains | 7 | 14 | 50.0 | 122 | 165 | 73.9 | |
Construction sites | 9 | 24 | 37.5 | 68 | 91 | 74.7 | |
water storage containers | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 14 | 32 | 43.8 | |
Ponds | 1 | 2 | 50.0 | 6 | 6 | 100.0 | |
Subtotal
|
18
|
54
|
33.3
|
225
|
315
|
71.4
| |
Total |
29
|
97
|
29.9
|
261
|
364
|
71.7
|
Anophelines | Culicines | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable
|
% (n/N)
|
OR [95%CI]
|
P
|
% (n/N)
|
OR [95%CI]
|
P
|
Habitat category
|
NA
|
NA
|
0.331
|
NA
|
NA
|
0.421
|
Natural | 22.2 (6/27) | 1.00 [NA]a | NAa | 76.3 (29/38) | 1.00 [NA]a | NAa |
Artificial agricultural | 31.3 (5/16) | 2.03 [0.397-10.375] | 0.395 | 63.6 (7/11) | 0.72 [0.220-2.366] | 0.590 |
Artificial non-agricultural | 33.3(18/54) | 2.34 [0.7607.231] | 0.138 | 71.4(225/315) | 1.39 [0.714-2.688] | 0.336 |
Intervention status
|
NA
|
NA
|
0.042
|
NA
|
NA
|
0.005
|
Non-larviciding | 40.0 (16/40) | 1.00 [NA]a | NAa | 80.6 (137/170) | 1.00 [NA]a | NAa |
larviciding | 22.8 (13/57) | 0.37 [0.142-0.965] | 0.042 | 63.9 (124/194) | 0.35 [0.167-0.722] | 0.005 |
Variable | Proportion occupied % (n/N) | OR [95% CI] | P |
---|---|---|---|
Intervention status
| |||
Non-larviciding | 4.1 (44/1070) | 1.00a | NA |
Larviciding area |
5.9(111/1895)
|
2.32 [2.19,6.14]
|
< 0.004
|
Intervention status × habitat found by CORP
| |||
Found and reported by CORPs
| |||
Non-larviciding | 0.9 (7/782) | 1.00a | NA |
Larviciding area |
0.3 (3/1181)
|
0.22 [0.147,0.34]
|
< 0.001
|
Not found or reported as dry habitats
| |||
Non-larviciding area | 4.7 (37/782) | 1.00a | NA |
Larviciding area | 9.1(108/1181) | 0.73 [0.383,1.37] | 0.325 |