Introduction
Definitions and distribution
Definitions and measurement
Distribution of obesity as defined by BMI
Country | Survey/data | Definition | Age(s) | Date(s) | % males | % females | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
North America
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United States | National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys | US National Center for Health Statistics (1979) weight for length (children younger than 3) and weight for stature curves > 95th percentile | < 1 | 1976–80 | 4.0 | 6.2 | Ogden, Troiano & Briefel et al, 1997 [134] |
1988–94 | 7.5 | 10.8 | |||||
4–5 | 1976–80 | 4.4 | 7.6 | ||||
1988–94 | 5.0 | 10.8 | |||||
United States | National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys | US Centers for Disease Control 2000 charts (CDC 2000) [135], >= 95th percentile | 6–11 | 1976–80 | 6.6 | 6.4 | Baskin, Ard & Franklin et al, 2005 [136] |
1999–2002 | 16.9 | 14.7 | |||||
12–19 | 1976–80 | 4.8 | 5.3 | ||||
1999–2002 | 16.7 | 15.4 | |||||
Canada | Nationally representative surveys (1981 Canada Fitness Survey; 1996 National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth) | International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) [137] 'obesity' | 7–13 | 1981 | 2.0 | 2.0 | Tremblay, Katzmarzyk & Willms, 2002 [138] |
1996 | 10.0 | 9.0 | |||||
Trinidad and Tobago | Nationally representative cross-sectional schools-based survey | IOTF 'obesity' | 5–6 | 1999 | 1.7 | 2.4 | Gulliford, Mahabir Rocke et al (2001) [139] |
8–9 | 3.0 | 2.5 | |||||
Martinique | Schools-based surveys | IOTF 'obesity' | 14 | 1999 | 6.3 | 4.8 | Benefice, Caiius & Garnier (2003) [140] |
South America
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Chile | School census data | IOTF 'obesity' | 6 | 1987 | 1.8 | 2.1 | Kain, Uauy & Vio et al, 2002 [141] |
2000 | 7.2 | 7.5 | |||||
CDC 2000 >= 95th percentile | 6 | 1987 | 5.1 | 4.0 | |||
2000 | 14.7 | 15.8 | |||||
Mexico | Schools-based surveys | CDC 2000 >= 95th percentile | 11–14 | 1998–99 | 12.9 | 10.8 | Salazar-Martinez, Allen & Fernandez-Ortega et al (2006) [142] |
15–19 | 8.0 | 4.9 | |||||
Australia
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Australia | National surveys (1985 Australian Health & Fitness Survey; 1995 National Nutrition Survey) | IOTF 'obesity' | 7–11 | 1985 | 1.5 | 1.9 | Magarey, Daniels & Boulton, 2001 [143] |
1995 | 3.7 | 6.3 | |||||
12–15 | 1985 | 1.9 | 1.3 | ||||
1995 | 6.1 | 4.4 | |||||
Europe
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England | National Study of Health and Growth (independent cross-sectional surveys) | IOTF 'obesity' | 4–11 | 1974 | 1.4 | 1.5 | Chinn & Rona, 2001 [144] |
1994 | 1.7 | 2.6 | |||||
Scotland | 1974 | 1.7 | 1.9 | ||||
1994 | 2.1 | 3.2 | |||||
England | Health Survey for England | United Kingdom (UK90) charts [145] >= 95th percentile | 2–10 | 1995 | 9.6 | 10.3 | National Health Service Information Centre, 2006 [146] |
2004 | 16.2 | 11.9 | |||||
11–15 | 1995 | 13.5 | 15.4 | ||||
2004 | 23.7 | 26.2 | |||||
Scotland | Scottish Health Survey | UK90 >= 95th percentile | 12–15 | 1998 | 15.6 | 15.2 | Scottish Public Health Observatory, 2007 [147] |
2003 | 20.9 | 14.7 | |||||
Northern Ireland | Schools-based surveys | IOTF 'obesity' | 12 | 1989–90 | 4.0 | 1.6 | Watkins, Murray & McCarron et al, 2005 [148] |
2000 | 4.7 | 4.7 | |||||
15 | 1989–90 | 0.4 | 3.9 | ||||
2000 | 3.1 | 4.8 | |||||
France | Schools-based surveys | IOTF 'obesity' | 7–9 | 2000 | 3.9 | 3.6 | Rolland-Cachera, Casetbon & Arnault et al, 2002 [149] |
CDC 2000 >= 95th percentile | 7.5 | 5.2 | |||||
Spain | Cross-sectional surveys in randomly selected schools | IOTF 'obesity' | 6–14 | 1980 | 1.5 | 1.4 | Moreno, 2001 [150] |
1995 | 2.1 | 3.3 | |||||
Portugal | Schools-based surveys | IOTF' obesity' | 7–9 | 2002–03 | 10.3 | 12.3 | Padez, Fernandes & Mourao, 2004 [151] |
Italy | Schools-based surveys in North (N) and South (S) Italy | IOTF 'obesity' | 2–6 | 2002 | 5.7 (N) | 5.8 (N) | Maffeis, Consolaro & Cavarzere et al, 2006 [152] |
12.3 (S) | 10.7 (S) | ||||||
Sicily, Italy | Schools-based surveys | IOTF 'obesity' | 11 | 1999–2001 | 13.1 | 10.7 | Baratta, Degano & Leonardi et al, 2006 [153] |
15 | 7.2 | 5.0 | |||||
Greece | Schools-based surveys | IOTF 'obesity' | 6–11 | 1994 | 9.4 | 8.3 | Papadimitriou, Kounadi & Konstantinidou et al, 2006 [154] |
2005 | 12.3 | 9.9 | |||||
Greece | Schools-based surveys | IOTF 'obesity' | 7–10 | 2002–03 * | 16.0 | 13.4 | Tokmakidis, Kasambalis & Christodoulos, 2006 [155] |
Finland | Nationally representative Adolescent Health and Lifestyle Survey | IOTF 'obesity' | 12 | 1977 | 2.0 | 0.9 | Kautiainen, 2005 [156] |
2003 | 3.1 | 1.9 | |||||
16 | 1977 | 0.8 | 0.3 | ||||
2003 | 4.2 | 2.1 | |||||
Denmark | Nationally representative samples | IOTF 'obesity' | 14–16 | 1971–72 | 0.4 | 0.9 | Kautiainen, 2005 [156] |
1996–97 | 2.0 | 2.6 | |||||
East Germany | Schools-based surveys | IOTF 'obesity' | 5–7 | 1992–93 | 4.7 | 3.5 | Frye & Heinrich, 2003 [157] |
1998–99 | 2.7 | 4.8 | |||||
11–14 | 1992–93 | 2.8 | 3.5 | ||||
1998–99 | 7.1 | 7.9 | |||||
Poland | Schools-based surveys | IOTF 'obesity' | 7–9 | 2001 | 3.6 | 3.7 | Malecka-Tendera, Klimek & Matusik et al, 2005 [158] |
Russia | Nationally representative household survey | IOTF 'obesity' | 6–9 | 1992 | 9.5 | 11.2 | Wang & Wang, 2002 [159] |
10–18 | 2.4 | 1.3 | |||||
US Must, Dallal & Dietz 1991 (MDD) charts [160], >= 95th percentile | 6–9 | 13.2 | 15.9 | ||||
10–18 | 3.1 | 1.6 | |||||
Russia | Nationally representative household surveys | CDC 2000 >= 95th percentile | 7–13 | 1995 | 6.2 | 3.0 | Tudor-Locke, Ainsworth & Popkin, in press [161] |
2002 | 4.2 | 3.1 | |||||
Africa
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Egypt | Schools-based surveys | CDC 2000 >= 95th percentile | 11–14 | 1997 | 6.6 | 7.6 | Salazar-Martinez, Allen & Fernandez-Ortega et al, 2006 [142] |
15–19 | 5.9 | 8.6 | |||||
Senegal | Survey of members of birth cohort | IOTF 'obesity' | 12–17 | 1998–2000 | 0.0 | 0.0 | Benefice, Caiius & Garnier, 2003 [140] |
South Africa | Primary School Surveys | IOTF 'obesity' | 8 | 1994–95 | 0.4 | 0.6 | Jinabhai, Taylor & Sullivan, 2003 [162] |
Asia
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Saudi Arabia | Cross-sectional survey of children from randomly selected households | IOTF 'obesity' | 1–18 | 1994–98 | 6.0 | 6.7 | El-Hazmi & Warsy, 2002 [163] |
Qatar | Schools-based surveys | MDD >= 95th percentile | 7 | 2002 | 1.6 | 5.4 | Qotba & Al-Isa, 2007 [164] |
Bahrain | Schools-based surveys | IOTF 'obesity' | 12–17 | 2000 | 14.9 | 17.9 | Al-Sendi, Shetty & Musaiger, 2003 [165] |
MDD >= 95th percentile | 16.5 | 20.2 | |||||
Japan | Annual cross-sectional household surveys | IOTF 'obesity' | 6–8 | 1976–80 | 1.8 | 1.8 | Matsushita, Yoshiike & Kaneda et al, 2004 [166] |
1996–2000 | 4.6 | 4.6 | |||||
12–14 | 1976–80 | 1.0 | 0.5 | ||||
1996–2000 | 2.7 | 1.0 | |||||
Korea | National survey | >120% ideal body weight | 0–19 | 2001 | 15.1 | 10.2 | Kim, Ahn & Nam, 2005 [167] |
Taiwan | Schools-based surveys | >120% ideal body weight | 12–15 | 1980–82 | 12.4 | 10.1 | Chu, 2001 [168] |
1994–96 | 16.4 | 11.1 | |||||
China – Beijing | Schools-based surveys in Beijing (B) and Shanghai (S) | BMI classification reference provided by Working Group on Obesity in China | 7–18 | 1985 | 1.2 (B) | 1.1 (B) | Ji, 2007 [169] |
1.1 (S) | 0.4 (S) | ||||||
2000 | 10.0 (B) | 5.2 (B) | |||||
7.2 (S) | 4.1 (S) | ||||||
China | Schools-based surveys | IOTF 'obesity' | 13–14 | 2002 | 2.6 | 1.5 | Xie, Chou & Spruijt-Metz et al, 2007 [170] |
16–17 | 4.3 | 1.0 | |||||
China | Schools-based surveys | IOTF 'obesity' | 11–17 | 2004 | 5.0 | 2.1 | Li, Dibley & Sibbritt et al, 2006 [32] |
Punjab, India | Schools-based surveys of children from affluent families | IOTF 'obesity' | 6–11 | 2002 * | 5.9 | 6.3 | Sidhu, Kaur & Kaur, 2006 [171] |
India | Schools-based surveys | Triceps skinfold thickness >= 90th percentile | 9–15 | 1998 * | 12.4 | 9.9 | Chhatwal, Verma & Kaur, 2004 [172] |