Background
Methods
Setting and participants
Procedures
Measurements
Statistical analysis
Results
Study population
Characteristics | InDemA | STI-D | Leben-QD I | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 59 (15.6%) | n = 222 (58.7%) | n = 97 (25.7%) | n = 378 (100%) | |
Age in years, mean±SD | 82.3 ± 10.4 | 87.0 ± 7.6 | 85.2 ± 6.2 | 85.8 ±8.0 |
Female, n (%) | 41 (69.5) | 174 (78.4) | 82 (84.5) | 297 (78.6) |
PSMS, mean±SD | 18.1 ± 4.9 | 18.1 ± 4.9 | 17.3 ± 5.5 | 17.9 ±5.0 |
Care dependency levelsa, n (%) | ||||
None | 3 (5.1) | 4 (1.8) | 5 (5.1) | 12 (3.2) |
1 | 29 (49.2) | 67 (30.2) | 34 (35.1) | 130 (34.4) |
2 | 26 (44.0) | 113 (50.9) | 48 (49.5) | 187 (49.5) |
3 | 1 (1.7) | 38 (17.1) | 10 (10.3) | 49 (12.9) |
FAST Scoreb, n (%) | ||||
2 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (3.1) | 3 (0.8) |
3 | 1 (1.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.3) |
4 | 14 (23.7) | 3 (1.4) | 8 (8.2) | 25 (6.6) |
5 | 23 (39.0) | 2 (0.9) | 7 (7.2) | 32 (8.5) |
6 | 21 (35.6) | 217 (97.7) | 79 (81.5) | 317 (83.9) |
Missing Values QUALIDEMc
| 2/2183 | 10/8214 | 9/3589 | 19/13986 |
Characteristics | InDemA | STI-D | Leben-QD I | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 90 (35%) | n = 116 (45%) | n = 50 (20%) | n = 256 (100%) | |
Age in years, mean±SD | 84.2 ± 7.7 | 85.7 ± 8.4 | 82.0 ± 8.1 | 84.5 ± 8.2 |
Female, n (%) | 71 (78.9) | 89 (76.7) | 39 (78.0) | 199 (77.7) |
PSMS, mean±SD | 22.4 ± 3.8 | 24.3 ± 3.0 | 23.6 ± 2.9 | 23.5 ± 3.4 |
Care dependency levelsa, n (%) | ||||
None | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.4) |
1 | 17 (18.9) | 8 (6.9) | 4 (8.0) | 29 (11.3) |
2 | 40 (44.4) | 47 (40.5) | 19 (38,0) | 106 (41.4) |
3 | 32 (35.6) | 61 (52.6) | 27 (54,0) | 120 (46.9) |
Missing Values QUALIDEMb
| 1/1620 | 4/2088 | 8/900 | 13/4608 |
Missing value analysis
Scalability
FAST 2 - 6 | InDemA | STI-D | Leben-QD I | Total | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 59) | (n = 222) | (n = 97) | (n = 378) | ||||||||||
Item Nr. | Subscale (items) | Scale-H
1(item H
i) | Rho | Alpha | Scale-H
1(item H
i) | Rho | Alpha | Scale-H
1(item H
i) | Rho | Alpha | Scale-H
1(item H
i) | Rho | Alpha |
A.
|
Care relationship
|
0.51
| 0.87 | 0.85 |
0.41
| 0.80 | 0.80 |
0.41
| 0.81 | 0.80 |
0.42
| 0.81 | 0.81 |
4. | Rejects help from nursing assistants | 0.61 | 0.48 | 0.40 | 0.48 | ||||||||
7. | Is angry | 0.57 | 0.50 | 0.44 | 0.49 | ||||||||
14. | Has conflicts with nursing assistants | 0.61 | 0.49 | 0.54 | 0.52 | ||||||||
17. | Accuses others | 0.39 | 0.32 | 0.29 | 0.32 | ||||||||
24. | Appreciates help he or she receives | 0.53 | 0.37 | 0.35 | 0.39 | ||||||||
31. | Accepts help | 0.55 | 0.41 | 0.43 | 0.43 | ||||||||
33. | Criticizes the daily routine | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.40 | 0.31 | ||||||||
B.
|
Positive Affect
|
0.77
| 0.94 | 0.93 |
0.65
| 0.91 | 0.91 |
0.60
| 0.88 | 088 |
0.65
| 0.91 | 0.90 |
1. | Is cheerful | 0.79 | 0.70 | 0.66 | 0.67 | ||||||||
5. | Radiates satisfaction | 0.79 | 0.71 | 0.60 | 0.69 | ||||||||
8. | Is capable of enjoying things in daily life | 0.80 | 0.59 | 0.63 | 0.62 | ||||||||
10. | Is in a good mood | 0.81 | 0.73 | 0.65 | 0.71 | ||||||||
21. | Has a smile around the mouth | 0.75 | 0.67 | 0.62 | 0.66 | ||||||||
40. | Mood can be influenced in positive sense | 0.69 | 0.52 | 0.43 | 0.52 | ||||||||
C.
|
Negative Affect
|
0.48
| 0.68 | 0.65 |
0.58
| 0.76 | 0.75 |
0.43
| 0.65 | 0.62 |
0.53
| 0.73 | 0.72 |
6. | Makes an anxious impression | 0.47 | 0.51 | 0.40 | 0.49 | ||||||||
11. | Is sad | 0.56 | 0.64 | 0.47 | 0.59 | ||||||||
23. | Cries | 0.40 | 0.57 | 0.43 | 0.52 | ||||||||
D.
|
Restless tense behavior
|
0.42
| 0.68 | 0.66 |
0.43
| 0.70 | 0.66 |
0.53
| 0.76 | 0.74 |
0.45
| 0.69 | 0.68 |
2. | Makes restless movements | 0.46 | 0.48 | 0.60 | 0.51 | ||||||||
19. | Is restless | 0.45 | 0.50 | 0.60 | 0.51 | ||||||||
22. | Has tense body language | 0.34 | 0.29 | 0.37 | 0.32 | ||||||||
E.
|
Positive self-image
|
0.27
| 0.55 | 0.49 |
0.47
| 0.70 | 0.71 |
0.40
| 0.64 | 0.63 |
0.42
| 0.67 | 0.67 |
27. | Indicates he or she would like more help | 0.20 | 0.41 | 0.33 | 0.36 | ||||||||
35. | Indicates not being able to do anything | 0.40 | 0.52 | 0.54 | 0.50 | ||||||||
37. | Indicates feeling worthless | 0.23 | 0.46 | 0.34 | 0.41 | ||||||||
F.
|
Social relations
|
0.57
| 0.83 | 0.80 |
0.41
| 0.74 | 0.72 |
0.38
| 0.70 | 0.70 |
0.43
| 0.77 | 0.73 |
3. | Has contact with other residents | 0.65 | 0.46 | 0.40 | 0.47 | ||||||||
12. | Responds positively when approached | 0.47 | 0.48 | 0.31 | 0.44 | ||||||||
18. | Takes care of other residents | 0.55 | 0.35 | 0.47 | 0.42 | ||||||||
25. | Cuts himself/herself off from environment | 0.57 | 0.29 | 0.22 | 0.33 | ||||||||
29. | Is on friendly terms with one or more residents | 0.57 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.45 | ||||||||
34. | Feels at ease in the company of others | 0.57 | 0.48 | 0.46 | 0.48 | ||||||||
G.
|
Social Isolation
|
0.12
| 0.28 | 0.26 |
0.30
| 0.55 | 0.54 |
0.29
| 0.52 | 0.50 |
0.28
| 0.53 | 0.52 |
16. | Is rejected by other residents | 0.21 | 0.39 | 0.41 | 0.35 | ||||||||
20. | Openly rejects contact with others | 0.16 | 0.33 | 0.17 | 0.29 | ||||||||
32. | Calls out | −0.02 | 0.20 | 0.29 | 0.21 | ||||||||
H.
|
Feeling at home
|
0.35
| 0.68 | 0.64 |
0.30
| 0.59 | 0.60 |
0.35
| 0.64 | 0.63 |
0.31
| 0.62 | 0.61 |
13. | Indicates that he or she is bored | 0.39 | 0.25 | 0.23 | 0.26 | ||||||||
28. | Indicates feeling locked up | 0.26 | 0.33 | 0.44 | 0.34 | ||||||||
36. | Feels at home on the ward | 0.34 | 0.32 | 0.28 | 0.30 | ||||||||
39. | Wants to get off the ward | 0.40 | 0.30 | 0.43 | 0.34 | ||||||||
I.
|
Having something to do
|
0.28
| 0.37 | 0.36 |
0.18
| 0.18 | 0.23 |
0.14
| 0.24 | 0.22 |
0.18
| 0.23 | 0.24 |
26. | Finds things to do without help from others | 0.28 | 0.18 | 0.14 | 0.18 | ||||||||
38. | Enjoys helping with chores on the ward | 0.28 | 0.18 | 0.14 | 0.18 |
FAST = 7 | InDemA | STI-D | Leben-QD I | Total | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 90) | (n = 116) | (n = 50) | (n = 256) | ||||||||||
Item Nr. | Subscale (items) | Scale-H
1(item H
i) | Rho | Alpha | Scale-H
1(item H
i) | Rho | Alpha | Scale-H
1(item H
i) | Rho | Alpha | Scale-H
1(item H
i) | Rho | Alpha |
A.
|
Care relationship
|
0.60
|
0.78
|
0.75
|
0.38
|
0.53
|
0.57
|
0.60
|
0.80
|
0.73
|
0.47
|
0.73
|
0.67
|
7. | Is angry | 0.60 | 0.50 | 0.61 | 0.54 | ||||||||
14. | Has conflicts with nursing assistants | 0.66 | 0.44 | 0.63 | 0.54 | ||||||||
31. | Accepts help | 0.53 | 0.19 | 0.53 | 0.35 | ||||||||
B.
|
Positive affect
|
0.57
|
0.81
|
0.81
|
0.64
|
0.86
|
0.86
|
0.79
|
0.90
|
0.91
|
0.65
|
0.86
|
0.85
|
5. | Radiates satisfaction | 0.66 | 0.68 | 0.86 | 0.70 | ||||||||
8. | Is capable of enjoying things in daily life | 0.52 | 0.67 | 0.75 | 0.64 | ||||||||
21. | Has a smile around the mouth | 0.60 | 0.64 | 0.74 | 0.65 | ||||||||
40. | Mood can be influenced in positive sense | 0.51 | 0.57 | 0.81 | 0.59 | ||||||||
C.
|
Negative affect
|
0.38
|
0.50
|
0.49
|
0.46
|
0.62
|
0.57
|
0.10
|
0.25
|
0.15
|
0.36
|
0.50
|
0.47
|
6. | Makes an anxious impression | 0.38 | 0.46 | 0.10 | 0.36 | ||||||||
23. | Accepts help | 0.38 | 0.46 | 0.10 | 0.36 | ||||||||
D.
|
Restless tense behavior
|
0.41
|
0.66
|
0.66
|
0.32
|
0.57
|
0.56
|
0.43
|
0.73
|
0.66
|
0.37
|
0.59
|
0.62
|
2. | Makes restless movements | 0.53 | 0.37 | 0.56 | 0.47 | ||||||||
19. | Is restless | 0.49 | 0.43 | 0.45 | 0.45 | ||||||||
22. | Has tense body language | 0.21 | 0.14 | 0.27 | 0.18 | ||||||||
F.
|
Social relations
|
0.33
|
0.58
|
0.53
|
0.41
|
0.59
|
0.58
|
0.10
|
0.18
|
0.19
|
0.33
|
0.53
|
0.52
|
3. | Has contact with other residents | 0.33 | 0.46 | 0.18 | 0.36 | ||||||||
12. | Responds positively when approached | 0.28 | 0.41 | 0.14 | 0.34 | ||||||||
25. | Cuts himself/herself off from environment | 0.37 | 0.36 | 0.00 | 0.30 | ||||||||
G.
|
Social isolation
|
0.20
|
0.42
|
0.41
|
0.17
|
0.36
|
0.36
|
0.28
|
0.47
|
0.51
|
0.20
|
0.42
|
0.41
|
16. | Is rejected by other residents | 0.26 | 0.20 | 0.41 | 0.25 | ||||||||
20. | Openly rejects contact with others | 0.18 | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.21 | ||||||||
32. | Calls out | 0.16 | 0.08 | 0.20 | 0.13 |
Internal consistency
Percentile scores
Subscales, 0-100
a
| N | No. of Items | Mean (SD) | Percentiles | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10% | 25% | 50% | 75% | 90% | ||||||
A
|
Care relationship
| |||||||||
Mild to severe | 378 | 75.1 (± 21.4) | 43 | 62 | 81 | 95 | 100 | |||
Age, years | ≤ 80 | 77 | 7 | 74.7 (± 22.3) | 38 | 62 | 81 | 93 | 100 | |
81 – 90 | 205 | 75.4 (± 20.4) | 48 | 62 | 81 | 90 | 100 | |||
> 90 | 96 | 74.7 (± 22.8) | 41 | 57 | 81 | 95 | 100 | |||
Gender | Female | 297 | 75.9 (± 21.0) | 47 | 62 | 81 | 95 | 100 | ||
Male | 81 | 71.8 (± 22.4) | 35 | 57 | 76 | 90 | 100 | |||
Very severe | 256 | 75.2 (± 23.3) | 44 | 56 | 78 | 100 | 100 | |||
Age, years | ≤ 80 | 69 | 68.9 (± 25.5) | 33 | 56 | 67 | 89 | 100 | ||
81 – 90 | 129 | 3 | 76.6 (± 22.8) | 44 | 56 | 78 | 100 | 100 | ||
> 90 | 58 | 79.7 (± 20.2) | 54 | 67 | 78 | 100 | 100 | |||
Gender | Female | 199 | 76.5 (± 22.7) | 44 | 67 | 78 | 100 | 100 | ||
Male | 57 | 70.6 (± 24.8) | 33 | 56 | 67 | 94 | 100 | |||
B.
|
Positive Affect
| |||||||||
Mild to severe | 378 | 73.1 (± 23.5) | 39 | 56 | 75 | 94 | 100 | |||
Age, years | ≤ 80 | 77 | 70.3 (± 24.5) | 33 | 53 | 72 | 94 | 100 | ||
81 – 90 | 205 | 6 | 74.7 (± 23.2) | 39 | 61 | 78 | 97 | 100 | ||
> 90 | 96 | 72.0 (± 23.2) | 39 | 56 | 75 | 94 | 100 | |||
Gender | Female | 297 | 74.7 (± 22.6) | 29 | 44 | 72 | 89 | 100 | ||
Male | 81 | 67.4 (± 25.7) | 39 | 61 | 78 | 94 | 100 | |||
Very severe | 256 | 64.2 (± 27.5) | 25 | 50 | 67 | 90 | 100 | |||
Age, years | ≤ 80 | 69 | 62.7 (± 28.9) | 25 | 42 | 67 | 92 | 100 | ||
81 – 90 | 129 | 4 | 63.7 (± 27.2) | 17 | 50 | 67 | 83 | 100 | ||
> 90 | 58 | 67.2 (± 26.7) | 25 | 50 | 75 | 92 | 100 | |||
Gender | Female | 199 | 65.1 (± 27.0) | 25 | 50 | 67 | 92 | 100 | ||
Male | 57 | 61.3 (± 29.3) | 17 | 38 | 67 | 88 | 100 | |||
C.
|
Negative Affect
| |||||||||
Mild to severe | 378 | 71.4 (± 23.5) | 44 | 56 | 78 | 89 | 100 | |||
Age, years | ≤ 80 | 77 | 72.2 (± 24.4) | 33 | 56 | 78 | 89 | 100 | ||
81 – 90 | 205 | 3 | 70.7 (± 23.7) | 44 | 56 | 78 | 89 | 100 | ||
> 90 | 96 | 72.3 (± 22.7) | 44 | 56 | 78 | 89 | 100 | |||
Gender | Female | 297 | 69.1 (± 24.3) | 33 | 56 | 67 | 89 | 100 | ||
Male | 81 | 80.0 (± 18.0) | 56 | 67 | 89 | 89 | 100 | |||
Very severeb
| 256 | 69.4 (± 27.7) | 33 | 50 | 67 | 100 | 100 | |||
Age, years | ≤ 80 | 69 | 67.6 (± 29.4) | 17 | 50 | 83 | 100 | 100 | ||
81 – 90 | 129 | 2 | 68.0 (± 27.5) | 17 | 50 | 67 | 100 | 100 | ||
> 90 | 58 | 74.7 (± 25.8) | 33 | 50 | 83 | 100 | 100 | |||
Gender | Female | 199 | 66.8 (± 28.0) | 17 | 50 | 67 | 100 | 100 | ||
Male | 57 | 78.4 (± 24.8) | 33 | 67 | 83 | 100 | 100 | |||
D.
|
Restless tense behavior
| |||||||||
Mild to severe | 378 | 66.6 (± 29.4) | 22 | 44 | 67 | 89 | 100 | |||
Age, years | ≤ 80 | 77 | 66.5 (± 33.3) | 11 | 33 | 78 | 100 | 100 | ||
81 – 90 | 205 | 3 | 66.6 (± 29.0) | 22 | 44 | 67 | 89 | 100 | ||
> 90 | 96 | 66.9 (± 27.0) | 33 | 44 | 67 | 89 | 100 | |||
Gender | Female | 297 | 66.6 (± 29.6) | 22 | 44 | 67 | 89 | 100 | ||
Male | 81 | 66.8 (± 28.8) | 22 | 44 | 78 | 89 | 100 | |||
Very severe | 256 | 55.9 (± 29.4) | 11 | 33 | 56 | 78 | 100 | |||
Age, years | ≤ 80 | 69 | 49.4 (± 30.7) | 0 | 22 | 56 | 67 | 100 | ||
81 – 90 | 129 | 3 | 56.8 (± 29.3) | 11 | 33 | 56 | 78 | 100 | ||
> 90 | 58 | 61.7 (± 27.2) | 22 | 33 | 67 | 81 | 100 | |||
Gender | Female | 199 | 57.4 (± 29.3) | 11 | 33 | 56 | 78 | 100 | ||
Male | 57 | 50.9 (± 29.5) | 11 | 22 | 56 | 78 | 89 | |||
E.
|
Positive self-image
| |||||||||
Mild to severe | 378 | 77.6 (± 25.7) | 44 | 67 | 89 | 100 | 100 | |||
Age, years | ≤ 80 | 77 | 78.5 (± 25.6) | 33 | 67 | 89 | 100 | 100 | ||
81 – 90 | 205 | 3 | 76.9 (± 26.1) | 40 | 67 | 89 | 100 | 100 | ||
> 90 | 96 | 78.6 (± 25.1) | 44 | 67 | 89 | 100 | 100 | |||
Gender | Female | 297 | 77.0 (± 25.9) | 44 | 67 | 89 | 100 | 100 | ||
Male | 81 | 80.0 (± 24.8) | 33 | 67 | 89 | 100 | 100 | |||
F.
|
Social relations
| |||||||||
Mild to severe | 378 | 64.7 (± 21.4) | 33 | 50 | 67 | 83 | 89 | |||
Age, years | ≤ 80 | 77 | 63.6 (± 24.5) | 32 | 44 | 67 | 83 | 94 | ||
81 – 90 | 205 | 6 | 66.2 (± 20.5) | 39 | 50 | 67 | 83 | 94 | ||
> 90 | 96 | 62.3 (± 20.7) | 33 | 44 | 67 | 78 | 89 | |||
Gender | Female | 297 | 66.6 (± 20.5) | 39 | 50 | 67 | 83 | 94 | ||
Male | 81 | 57.4 (± 23.3) | 23 | 44 | 61 | 75 | 89 | |||
Very severeb
| 256 | 66.3 (± 25.7) | 22 | 47 | 67 | 89 | 100 | |||
Age, years | ≤ 80 | 69 | 64.9 (± 25.6) | 22 | 44 | 67 | 89 | 100 | ||
81 – 90 | 129 | 3 | 64.9 (± 26.3) | 22 | 56 | 67 | 89 | 100 | ||
> 90 | 58 | 70.9 (± 24.3) | 33 | 56 | 78 | 89 | 100 | |||
Gender | Female | 199 | 67.2 (± 24.8) | 33 | 56 | 67 | 89 | 100 | ||
Male | 57 | 63.2 (± 28.6) | 22 | 44 | 67 | 89 | 100 | |||
G.
|
Social isolation
| |||||||||
Mild to severeb
| 378 | 73.7 (± 25.0) | 33 | 56 | 78 | 100 | 100 | |||
Age, years | ≤ 80 | 77 | 79.2 (± 22.8) | 44 | 61 | 89 | 100 | 100 | ||
81 – 90 | 205 | 3 | 72.2 (± 25.5) | 33 | 56 | 78 | 100 | 100 | ||
> 90 | 96 | 72.2 (± 24.9) | 33 | 56 | 78 | 89 | 100 | |||
Gender | Female | 297 | 73.4 (± 25.5) | 33 | 56 | 78 | 100 | 100 | ||
Male | 81 | 74.5 (± 22.7) | 44 | 56 | 78 | 100 | 100 | |||
Very severeb
| 256 | 75.4 (± 23.3) | 41 | 67 | 78 | 100 | 100 | |||
Age, years | ≤ 80 | 69 | 71.5 (± 24.1) | 33 | 56 | 67 | 100 | 100 | ||
81 – 90 | 129 | 3 | 77.9 (± 22.5) | 44 | 67 | 78 | 100 | 100 | ||
> 90 | 58 | 74.5 (± 23.7) | 33 | 67 | 78 | 100 | 100 | |||
Gender | Female | 199 | 74.9 (± 23.4) | 44 | 67 | 78 | 100 | 100 | ||
Male | 57 | 77.2 (± 23.1) | 33 | 61 | 89 | 100 | 100 | |||
H.
|
Feeling at home
| |||||||||
Mild to severe | 378 | 78.0 (± 21.6) | 42 | 67 | 83 | 100 | 100 | |||
Age, years | ≤ 80 | 77 | 78.0 (± 22.7) | 42 | 67 | 83 | 100 | 100 | ||
81 – 90 | 205 | 4 | 76.5 (± 22.2) | 42 | 67 | 83 | 92 | 100 | ||
> 90 | 96 | 81.2 (± 19.2) | 50 | 67 | 92 | 100 | 100 | |||
Gender | Female | 297 | 79.0 (± 21.1) | 50 | 67 | 83 | 100 | 100 | ||
Male | 81 | 74.5 (± 22.7) | 42 | 58 | 75 | 92 | 100 | |||
I
|
Having something to do
| |||||||||
Mild to severeb
| 378 | 40.4 (± 29.5) | 0 | 17 | 50 | 50 | 83 | |||
Age, years | ≤ 80 | 77 | 44.2 (± 31.3) | 0 | 17 | 50 | 67 | 100 | ||
81 – 90 | 205 | 2 | 40.8 (± 29.3) | 33 | 56 | 72 | 89 | 100 | ||
> 90 | 96 | 36.6 (± 28.2) | 33 | 56 | 78 | 100 | 100 | |||
Gender | Female | 297 | 42.5 (± 29.9) | 0 | 17 | 50 | 67 | 83 | ||
Male | 81 | 32.9 (± 26.6) | 0 | 0 | 33 | 50 | 67 |