Background
Methods
Sample and data collection
Measures
Life events
Health Related Quality of Life
Pubertal development
Sociodemographic variables
Statistical analysis
Results and Discussion
Baseline (2003) | Follow-up (2006) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys N = 204
|
Girls N = 219
|
Boys N = 204
|
Girls N = 219
| ||||
Mean [%] (SD)
|
Mean [%](SD)
|
P-value
*
|
Mean [%] (SD)
|
Mean [%] (SD)
|
P-value
| ||
Sociodemographics
|
Age
| 12.1 (2.82) | 12.7 (2.86) | 0.46 | 15.1 (2.82) | 15.7 (2.86) | 0.41 |
Pubertal Development**
| NA | NA | 15.3 (5.33) | 18 (4.48) | <0.001 | ||
Parental level of education
| |||||||
Low
| [50.5%] (50) | [48.6%] (50) | 0.93 | [39.1%] (18.8) | [40.0%] (49) | 0.98 | |
Medium
| [25.5%] (43.6) | [20.7%] (40.6) | [34.4%] (47.5) | [28.3%] (45) | |||
High
| [24%] (42.7) | [30.7%] (46.1) | [26.5%] (44.1) | [31.7%] (46.5) | |||
Socioeconomic level
| |||||||
Low
| [21.5%] (41.1) | [16.8%] (37.4) | [13.7%] (34.4) | [16.1%] (36.8) | 0.98 | ||
Medium
| [47.5%] (49.9) | [52.3%] (49.9) | 0.93 | [54.8%] (49.8) | [52.1%] (50) | ||
High
| [31%] (46.2) | [30.8%] (46.2) | [31.5%] (46.4) | [31.8%] (46.6) | |||
Health Related Quality of Life (KIDSCREEN)
|
Overall score (KS-10)
| 54.5 (10.7) | 52.9 (11.9) | 0.93 | 50.5 (8.58) | 49.4 (9.42) | 0.89 |
Physical Well-being
| 54.2 (10.3) | 50.4 (11.5) | 0.005 | 50.7 (9.39) | 46.6 (10.3) | < 0.001 | |
Psychological Well-being
| 54.8 (10.3) | 52 (11.2) | 0.07 | 51.5 (9.02) | 49.9 (9.76) | 0.41 | |
School Environment
| 53 (10.7) | 53.5 (10.7) | 0.93 | 50.1 (10.1) | 51.8 (8.97) | 0.41 | |
Parent Relation & Home Life
| 53.2 (9.03) | 53.1 (10.7) | 0.93 | 51.5 (8.80) | 51.5 (9.16) | 0.98 | |
Social support and Peers
| 53.5 (8.90) | 53.9 (9.17) | 0.93 | 49.3 (8.27) | 52.1 (9.06) | 0.06 |
Type of life events | Number of life events (in the last 12 months) | Life Change Units | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys (N = 204)
|
Girls (N = 219)
|
Boys (N = 204)
|
Girls (N = 219)
| |||
Mean (SE)
|
Mean (SE)
|
P value* |
Mean (SE)
|
Mean (SE)
|
P value*
| |
Overall
| 5.33 (0.35) | 5.68 (0.37) | 0.98 | 127.2 (8.15) | 139.2 (8.04) | 0.88 |
Desirable
| 3.12 (0.22) | 3.46 (0.23) | 0.98 | 65.86 (4.42) | 75.92 (4.86) | 0.64 |
Undesirable
| 1.97 (0.20) | 2.05 (0.20) | 0.98 | 55.10 (5.02) | 59.37 (4.78) | 0.92 |
Family
| 0.91 (0.11) | 0.9 (0.09) | 0.98 | 28.46 (3.82) | 28.93 (3.20) | 0.92 |
Extrafamily
| 4.37 (0.32) | 4.74 (0.35) | 0.98 | 97.95 (6.86) | 108.9 (6.84) | 0.88 |
LEs experiences in the previous 12 months (tertiles) | KS-10 | Physical well-being | Psychological well-being | School Environment | Parent relation and Home Life | Social Support and Peers | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys
|
Girls
|
Boys
|
Girls
|
Boys
|
Girls
|
Boys
|
Girls
|
Boys
|
Girls
|
Boys
|
Girls
| |
Low: 0-67 LCUs (33.3%)
| ||||||||||||
Baseline
| 55.3 | 55.4 | 52.5 | 51.7 | 54.8 | 54 | 54.8 | 55.6 | 54.1 | 55.5 | 53.6 | 55.2 |
Follow-up
| 52.3 | 51.7 | 51.9 | 47.9 | 54 | 52.1 | 53.7 | 52.7 | 52.7 | 53.7 | 49.7 | 52.2 |
Effect Size
| -0.26 | -0.37 | -0.06 | -0.39 | -0.07 | -0.19 | -0.09 | -0.28 | -0.13 | -0.17 | -0.41 | -0.31 |
Medium: 68-160 LCUs (33.3%)
| ||||||||||||
Baseline
| 56.5 | 51.3 | 56.3 | 50.6 | 55.8 | 51.6 | 54.1 | 52.1 | 53.9 | 52.2 | 53.6 | 53.9 |
Follow-up
| 51.4 | 48.9 | 51.4 | 46 | 51.4 | 48.9 | 50.1 | 52.4 | 52.4 | 51.1 | 49.7 | 51.1 |
Effect Size
| -0.48 | -0.19 | -0.47 | -0.38 | -0.4 | -0.22 | -0.36 | 0.03 | -0.18 | -0.1 | -0.46 | -0.37 |
High: +161 LCUs (33.3%)
| ||||||||||||
Baseline
| 51.5 | 52 | 53.9 | 48.8 | 53.7 | 50.4 | 49.6 | 52.7 | 51.3 | 51.5 | 53 | 52.7 |
Follow-up
| 47.6 | 47.7 | 48.6 | 45.9 | 48.8 | 48.7 | 46.2 | 50.4 | 49.2 | 49.8 | 48.2 | 53 |
Effect Size
| -0.44 | -0.33 | -0.52 | -0.23 | -0.51 | -0.16 | -0.4 | -0.22 | -0.25 | -0.16 | -0.55 | 0.03 |
Overall LCUs (100%)
| ||||||||||||
Baseline
| 54.5 | 52.9 | 54.25 | 50.39 | 54.81 | 52.02 | 52.97 | 53.45 | 53.16 | 53.07 | 53.47 | 53.93 |
Follow-up
| 50.51 | 49.41 | 50.73 | 46.62 | 51.48 | 49.87 | 50.12 | 51.38 | 51.5 | 51.52 | 49.26 | 52.13 |
Effect Size
| -0.37 | -0.29 | -0.34 | -0.33 | -0.32 | -0.19 | -0.27 | -0.15 | -0.18 | -0.14 | -0.47 | -0.2 |
ANOVA* |
F (P-value)
|
F (P-value)
|
F (P-value)
|
F (P-value)
|
F (P-value)
|
F (P-value)
| ||||||
Gender (1 df)
| 0.17 (0.68) | 0.39 (0.53) | 1.84 (0.18) | 0.94 (0.33) | 0.05 (0.82) | 7.12 (0.01) | ||||||
LCUs (2df)
| 0.35 (0.70) | 2.07 (0.13) | 1.70 (0.18) | 0.44 (0.65) | 0.34 (0.71) | 0.54 (0.58) | ||||||
Interaction gender & LCUs (2df)
| 0.39 (0.68) | 1.32 (0.27) | 1.28 (0.28) | 2.47 (0.09) | 0.11 (0.89) | 2.09 (0.13) |
Type of life events | KS-10 | Physical well-being | Psychological well-being | School Environment | Parent relation and Home Life | Social Support and Peers | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys
|
Girls
|
Boys
|
Girls
|
Boys
|
Girls
|
Boys
|
Girls
|
Boys
|
Girls
|
Boys
|
Girls
| |
All
| -0.013 (0.005) | -0.006 (0.004) | -0.014 (0.005) | -0.004 (0.005) | -0.015* (0.005) | -0.001 (0.005) | -0.016* (0.005) | -0.007 (0.005) | -0.012 (0.005) | -0.007 (0.005) | -0.004 (0.005) | 0.011 (0.005) |
Desirable
| 0.000 (0.010) | 0.008 (0.008) | -0.013 (0.011) | 0.017 (0.008) | 0.002 (0.010) | 0.005 (0.008) | -0.002 (0.010) | 0.011 (0.008) | -0.002 (0.010) | 0.007 (0.008) | 0.004 (0.010) | 0.011 (0.008) |
Undesirable
| -0.024* (0.008) | -0.019 (0.008) | -0.017 (0.009) | -0.025* (0.009) | -0.029* (0.008) | -0.004 (0.008) | -0.031* (0.009) | -0.024* (0.008) | -0.022 (0.009) | -0.02 (0.008) | -0.009 (0.008) | 0.013 (0.008) |
Family
| -0.026 (0.010) | -0.016 (0.011) | -0.014 (0.011) | -0.011 (0.012) | -0.029 (0.010) | -0.013 (0.012) | -0.028 (0.010) | -0.011 (0.011) | -0.02 (0.011) | -0.028 (0.011) | -0.02 (0.010) | 0.002 (0.012) |
Extrafamily
| -0.007 (0.006) | -0.003 (0.005) | -0.014 (0.007) | -0.002 (0.006) | -0.008 (0.006) | 0.002 (0.006) | -0.012 (0.006) | -0.006 (0.005) | -0.009 (0.006) | -0.002 (0.005) | 0.003 (0.006) | 0.015 (0.006) |
Total LCUs of undesirable events (previous 12 months) | % of participants | Adjusted estimate (SD) effect on overall HRQoL* | Mean change on KS-10 Overall score | Example of LEs combination | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys
|
Girls
|
P-value*
|
Boys
|
Girls
| |||
113 | 16.3% | -0.024 (0.008) | -0.019 (0.008) | 0.33 | -2.72 | -2.14 | Breaking up with a boyfriend/girlfriend (39 LCUs) Failing a grade in school (74 LCUs) |
165 | 9% | -0.024 (0.008) | -0.019 (0.008) | 0.33 | -3.96 | -3.13 | Breaking up with a boyfriend/girlfriend (39 LCUs) Failing a grade in school (74 LCUs) Hospitalization of a parent (52 LCUs) |
235 | 4.3% | -0.024 (0.008) | -0.019 (0.008) | 0.33 | -5.64 | -4.46 | Breaking up with a boyfriend/girlfriend (39 LCUs) Failing a grade in school (74 LCUs) Hospitalization of a parent (52 LCUs) Divorce of your parents (70 LCUs) |
281 | 2.9% | -0.024 (0.008) | -0.019 (0.008) | 0.33 | -6.74 | -5.33 | Breaking up with a boyfriend/girlfriend (39 LCUs) Failing a grade in school (74 LCUs) Hospitalization of a parent (52 LCUs) Divorce of your parents (70 LCUs) Loss of a job by your father or mother (46 LCUs) |