Background
Materials and methods
Study population
Measures
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„I am under constant time pressure due to a heavy workload.“ (ERI1)
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„I am often pressured to work overtime.“ (ERI4)
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„Over the past few years, my job has become more and more demanding.“ (ERI6)
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„During my work I am afraid of injuries and infections.“
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„Sometimes I have to deal with difficult customers.“
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„It happens that my customers call at night.“
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“I guarantee my customers that I am available 24 hours a day.“
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„The cooperation with my colleagues is sometimes difficult.“ [6]
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„There is a strong competition in my job routine.“
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„At the weekends I have to work in the emergency veterinary service.“
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„It is hard to find a regulation for holidays which corresponds to my needs.“
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„I have difficulties in balancing my professional life and private life.“ [6]
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„I think I don't have sufficient free time.“
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„I worry about my professional future.“
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“My professional achievements do not gain enough recognition.”
Statistical analysis
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Intense psychosocial stress
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High demoralization values
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Tobacco consumption ≥ 10 items per day
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High-risk alcohol consumption
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Binge drinking at least once a week
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Problem drinking (CAGE score ≥ 2)
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Regular drug use
Results
N | % | ||
---|---|---|---|
Gender
| Men | 499 | 47.1 |
Women | 561 | 52.9 | |
Age
| ≤ 34 years | 175 | 16.5 |
35 – 44 years | 420 | 39.6 | |
45 – 54 years | 259 | 24.4 | |
≥ 55 years | 206 | 19.5 | |
Professional work
| Non-clinical area of work1
| 292 | 27.5 |
Practice owner | 529 | 49.9 | |
Employee in a practice | 239 | 22.6 | |
Working Hours
| ≤ 20 h per week | 72 | 6.8 |
21–40 h per week | 261 | 24.6 | |
41–60 h per week | 573 | 54.1 | |
≥ 60 h per week | 154 | 14.5 | |
Psychosocial Stress
| Low (points 1–18) | 499 | 47.1 |
Intermediate (19–36 points) | 473 | 44.6 | |
Intense (37–53 points) | 88 | 8.3 | |
Demoralization
| Low (0–8 points) | 611 | 57.6 |
Intermediate (9–16 points) | 388 | 36.6 | |
High (17–34 points) | 61 | 5.8 | |
Tobacco Consumption
| No tobacco consumption | 857 | 80.8 |
Tobacco Consumption: 1–9 items per day | 110 | 10.4 | |
Tobacco Consumption: ≥ 10 items per day | 93 | 8.8 | |
Alcohol Consumption
| No alcohol consumption | 135 | 12.7 |
Low-risk alcohol consumption | 587 | 55.4 | |
High-risk alcohol consumption | 338 | 31.9 | |
Binge drinking (≥ 5 intakes in one drinking situation)
| On no day | 828 | 78.1 |
1 to 3 times during the previous 30 days | 459 | 15.0 | |
Regular (at least weekly) | 73 | 6.9 | |
CAGE Test
| Score < 2 | 922 | 87.0 |
Score ≥ 2 (problem drinking) | 138 | 13.0 | |
Drug Use
| No intake | 452 | 42.6 |
1 to 3 times during the previous 30 days | 398 | 37.5 | |
Regular intake (at least weekly) | 210 | 19.8 | |
Drugs Prescribed by Doctor
| 1 to 3 times during the previous 30 days | 12 | 1.1 |
Regular intake (at least weekly) | 41 | 3.9 |
Psychosocial stress and demoralization
Intense Psychosocial Stress Variables in the Model | % | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR* (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ≤ 34 years | 8.6 | 2.1 (0.8–4.8) | 1.7 (0.6–4.8) |
35 – 44 years | 8.6 | 2.1 (0.9–4.3) | 2.3 (1.0–5.0) | |
45 – 54 years | 10.8 | 2.7 (1,2–5.8) | 3.2 (1.4–7.2) | |
≥ 55 years | 4.4 | 1 | 1 | |
Professional Work | Non-clinical area of work1
| 1.4 | 1 | 1 |
Practice owner | 11.2 | 9.0 (3.2–25.1) | 5.8 (2.0–16.7) | |
Employee in practice | 10.5 | 8.4 (2.9–24.5) | 7.4 (2.4–22.9) | |
Working Hours | ≤ 20 h per week | 4.2 | 2.8 (0.6–12.8) | 2.4 (0.5–10.9) |
21–40 h per week | 1.5 | 1 | 1 | |
41–60 h per week | 7.5 | 5.2 (1.9–14.7) | 5.2 (1.8–14.6) | |
≥ 60 h per week | 24.7 | 21.0 (7.3–60.3) | 16.4 (5.7–47.8) | |
High Demoralization Values Variables in the Model
|
%
|
Crude OR (95% CI)
|
Adjusted OR* (95% CI)
| |
Working Hours | ≤ 20 h per week | 11.1 | 2.2 (0.8–5.5) | 1.8 (0.7–4.7) |
21–40 h per week | 5.4 | 1 | 1 | |
41–60 h per week | 5.2 | 1.0 (0,5–1.9) | 0.5 (0.2–1.0) | |
≥ 60 h per week | 5.8 | 1.1 (0.5–2.6) | 0.3 (0.1–0.7) | |
Psychosocial Stress | Low (1–18 points) | 2.4 | 1 | 1 |
Intermediate (19–36 points) | 5.7 | 2.5 (1.2–4.9) | 3.3 (1.6–6.8) | |
Intense (37–53 points) | 25.0 | 13.5 (6.4–28.6) | 24.8 (10.5–58.4) |
Tobacco consumption
Consumption of alcoholic drinks
High-risk Alcohol Consumption
High-risk Alcohol Consumption Variables in the Model | % | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR* (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 30.3 | 1 | 1 |
Female | 33.3 | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | |
Professional work | Non-clinical area of work1
| 29.1 | 1 | 1 |
Practice Owner | 36.5 | 1.4 (1.0–1.9) | 1.4 (1.1–2.0) | |
Employee in a Practice | 25.1 | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) | |
Regular Binge Drinking Variables in the Model
|
%
|
Crude OR (95% CI)
|
Adjusted OR** (95% CI)
| |
Gender | Male | 11.8 | 5.2 (2.9–9.5) | 5.1 (2.8–9.3) |
Female | 2.5 | 1 | 1 | |
Psychosocial Stress | Low (1–18 points) | 6.0 | 1 | 1 |
Intermediate (19–36 points) | 6.6 | 1.1 (0.7–1.8) | 1.0 (0.6–1.8) | |
Intense (37–53 points) | 13.6 | 2.5 (1.2–5.0) | 2.2 (1.1–4.5) | |
Problem Drinking (CAGE ≥ 2) Variables in the Model
|
%
|
Crude OR (95% CI)
|
Adjusted OR*** (95% CI)
| |
Professional Work | Non-clinical area of work1
| 11.3 | 1 | 1 |
Practice owner | 17.0 | 1.6 (1.1–2.5) | 1.7 (1.1–2.5) | |
Employee in a practice | 6.3 | 0.5 (0.3–1.0) | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) | |
Demoralization | Low (0–8 points) | 10.5 | 1 | 1 |
Intermediate (9–16 points) | 14.9 | 1.5 (1.0–2.2) | 1.6 (1.1–2.4) | |
High (17–34 points) | 26.2 | 3.0 (1.6–5.7) | 3.4 (1.8–6.5) |
Binge Drinking
The CAGE Alcohol Screening Test
Medical Drug use
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18.3% of the veterinarians regularly used analgesics. 4.2% had a prescription for these and one of this persons used an opioid (Tramadolor).
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1.3% of the veterinarians regularly used sedatives or tranquilizers. With a single exception, this was in the form of self-medication.
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1.6% of the veterinarians regularly used antidepressives. 0.7% of these drugs had been prescribed.
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0.4% (n = 4) of the veterinarians took appetite suppressants or stimulants without a medical prescription. Three of these four individuals are women. However, these preparations were not consumed regularly.
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0.2% (n = 2) of the veterinarians took neuroleptics. One of these individuals did this regularly on medical prescription
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In summary 2.4% (n = 25) had used drugs with a psychotropic effect (tranquilizer, antidepressives, opioid, neuroleptics) within the preceding 30 days and 2.0% (n = 21) did this regularly (no table).
Regular Use Variables in the Model | % | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR* (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 16.0 | 1 | 1 |
Female | 23.2 | 1.6 (1.2–2.2) | 1.4 (1.0–2.0) | |
Professional Work | Non-clinical area of work1
| 15.4 | 1 | 1 |
Practice owner | 18.5 | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) | |
Employee in a practice | 28.0 | 2.1 (1.4–3.3) | 1.6 (1.0–2.6) | |
Psychosocial Stress | Low (1–18 points) | 14.4 | 1 | 1 |
Intermediate (19–36 points) | 22.8 | 1.8 (1.3–2.4) | 1.4 (0.9–2.0) | |
Intense (37–53 points) | 34.1 | 3.1 (1.8–5.1) | 1.9 (1.1–3.4) | |
Demoralization | Low (0–8 points) | 13.4 | 1 | 1 |
Intermediate (9–16 points) | 27.1 | 2.4 (1.7–3.3) | 2.0 (1.4–2.8) | |
High (17–34 points) | 37.7 | 3.9 (2.2–6.9) | 2.9 (1.6–5.3) |