Parental use of the term "Hot Qi" to describe symptoms in their children in Hong Kong: a cross sectional survey "Hot Qi" in children

As an ex-British colony in China, Hong Kong sees a thriving practice in both Western and Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Chinese often adopt the jargons of TCM to describe the symptoms. It is the authors' observation that the Chinese term "Hot Qi" is often used by parents to describe symptoms in their children. The term "Hot" is used by TCM practitioners to describe a phenomenon but not a diagnosis per se. [1, 2] A better understanding of the meaning of "Hot Qi" would help western medical practitioners working with Chinese patients. So far, there has been no published data on this phenomenon. Parental use of the term "Hot Qi" to describe symptoms is not limited to those residing in Asia, but also for Asian immigrants in around the world. Understanding patient's symptom by health professionals helps to avert problems and misunderstanding, improve satisfaction for all parties and lead to better outcomes. [3]

The current study was undertaken to find out the frequency of using the term "Hot Qi" in parents and the symptomatology of the term "Hot Qi". This included a questionnaire on the symptoms and treatments for "Hot Qi". We hypothesized that the term "Hot Qi" was used among the majority of Hong Kong Chinese parents to describe symptoms in their children and the usage was governed by the cultural background of parents and status of children, e.g. age and gender.

1106 pairs of children and parents were approached for the survey and 46 parents refused to be interviewed. (Total number of parent interviewed: 1060, response rate = 96.8%) Nine hundred and three parents (85.2%) claimed that they had employed the term "Hot Qi" to describe their children's symptoms. Characteristics of the two groups of parents that used or did not use the term "Hot Qi' by parents were listed in Table 1.

There was no significant difference in gender, education level, and monthly household income distribution between the group of parents who employed the term "Hot Qi" and those who did not. Among children whose parents employed the term "Hot Qi" to describe them, there were 469 girls (44.2%) and mean age were 8.5 years (SD = 6.6). The children whose parents have used the term "Hot Qi" were significantly older. The frequency of the use of the term "Hot Qi" increased with older children. (Figure 1)

In univariate analysis (Table 1), age of parents, place of birth of parents and age of children were significantly associated with the frequency of using the term "Hot Qi". They were further analyzed by logistic regression analysis (Table 2) and only place of birth and age of children were significantly associated with the frequency of using the term "Hot Qi". Parents who were born in Hong Kong were 1.53 times more likely to use the term 'Hot Qi' to describe their children than parents born in mainland China and older children were more likely to be labeled as having "Hot Qi". Children older than or equal to 2-year were 6.79 times (95% CI = 4.73 to 9.76) more likely to report "Hot Qi" than children younger than 2-year.

"Hot Qi" was commonly used by parents in Hong Kong to describe symptoms of their children. The current study shed light on the meanings of the term "Hot Qi" as used by the lay public in a Chinese society and the treatment employed for alleviation of "Hot Qi".

Parents who were born in Hong Kong were more likely to use the term "Hot Qi" than those born in China and other part of the world. The association between "Hot Qi" and place of birth of the interviewed parent could be related to the intense advertisement of herbal beverages in the Hong Kong society. Herbal beverage companies promoted the concept of "Hot Qi" and advocated the effectiveness of herbal remedies in controlling "Hot Qi". The readily available Chinese herbal beverages in the market might have led to the widespread use of the term "Hot Qi". The other reason might be related to the fact that majority of adults in Hong Kong had first-hand experience with TCM [4, 5] and most believed TCM to be an effective treatment. [6] The parental experience in TCM may prompt them to use the term "Hot Qi" to describe symptoms in their children.

The age of the children was another parameter useful for predicting whether parents used the term "Hot Qi". Parents seem more inclined to use the term "Hot Qi" to describe older children, median age of 7.0-year vs. median age of 1.0-year. This could be because parents became more confident with their childcare experience as the children get older and would let their children consume herbal products at an older age.

The most frequently mentioned symptoms of "Hot Qi" were eye discharge, sore throat, halitosis, constipation, and irritable mood. As allergic rhinitis with or without allergic rhinosinusitis is a common cause for nasal obstruction [7] / mouth breathing [8] / halitosis [9] whilst allergic conjunctivitis is often associated with eye discharge, [10] we suspected a major reason for "Hot Qi" is related to the underlying allergic rhinoconjunctivitis.

For the fifth most frequently mentioned symptoms of "Hot Qi" – irritability – we looked at the associated symptoms. Irritability and its associated symptoms (dry eyes, nasal obstruction, poor appetite, dry mouth, and dry throat) suggested possible upper respiratory system infection or allergic rhinitis. Dry mucosa complaints may well be related to the anti-cholinergic drugs prescribed to control the nasal symptoms of upper respiratory tract or allergic rhinitis. An increased consumption of liquid and fruits may help relieve some of the symptoms related to dry mucosa, but may not be appropriate for curing the underlying diseases.

Water, fruits, soups, and "five-flower-tea" and "selfheal fruit spike" were the top five remedies that parents used to alleviate the aforementioned symptoms of "Hot Qi". We found that these self-remedies used were generally appropriate for treating the symptoms (vide infra). Halitosis is caused by mouth breathing or poor dental hygiene or sinusitis. An increase in water consumption may help improve the dry mouth associated with mouth breathing and hence decrease the halitosis. Sore throat is usually caused by viral or bacterial infection, or by dry throat resulted from mouth breathing. Increased water and fruits consumption give the pharynx more fluid exposure to lessen the discomfort caused by sore throat. Constipation is associated with inadequate fluid intake and fibre intake. A greater intake of water and fruits would be effective to control constipation.

The Chinese herbal teas "five-flower-tea" and "selfheal fruit spike" were frequently used by parents for treating "Hot Qi". In TCM, both herbs are useful for clearing heat of the body and restoring the smooth flow of "Qi". Despite their popularity, we found no study that evaluated the beneficial effect of "self-heal fruit-spike" and "five-flower-tea" in human. In animal model study, the triterpenes extracted from selfheal fruit-spike (Prunella vulgaris) could inhibit the production of nitric oxide from cultured murine macrophages, suggested anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory effects. [11] In-vitro study on the triperpene alcohol extracted from Chrysanthemum morifolium (a component of "five-flower-tea") was reported to have anti-inflammatory effects. [12]The aqueous extract of Lonicera japonica demonstrated potent suppression of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in an activated macrophage-like cell line. [13] The extract of Bombax malabaricum was reported to have analgesic, antioxidant [14] and anti-Helicobacter pylori effects. [15] Oxymatrine, a alkaloids extracted from Sophora Japonica had anti-inflammatory effect, anti-virus effect as well as protecting hepatocytes and anti-hepatic fibrosis in murine. [16] Compound extracted from Plumeria rubra had molluscicidal, cytotoxic and antibacterial activity. [17] As most of the above herbs contain chemicals with anti-inflammatory, anti-allergy, anti-virus and anti-bacteria activity, those treatments for "Hot Qi" may actually treat the underlying atopic diseases or infection in children.

The main limitation of the current study was the potential sampling bias as the study was undertaken in only one public hospital and one private clinic. This was reflected by the fact that the percentage of low household monthly income between US$1282–3846 was significantly higher in the studied population compared with the general population. [18] (56.6% vs. 49.9%, Chi-squared test, p < 0.001) although the percentage of family on social security was similar to the general population. Hence, a territory-wide survey would give a more representative picture.

"Hot Qi" is often used by Chinese parents to describe symptoms in their children in Hong Kong. Hong Kong-born parents and older children are main factors for parents to apply the term "Hot Qi" to describe symptoms of their children. The common symptoms of "Hot Qi" suggest infections or allergy.