Background
Methods
Study sites and ethnographic background
Study design
Data management
Statistical analyses
Results
Socio-demographic characteristics and farm waste management practices
Socio-demographic characteristics | Multan | Lahore | Faisalabad | Shorkot | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
Gender
| |||||
Male | 41 (78.85) | 43 (86.00) | 35 (81.40) | 20 (71.43) | 139 (80.35) |
Female | 11 (21.15) | 7 (14.00) | 8 (18.60) | 8 (28.57) | 34 (19.65) |
Age (year)
| |||||
≤ 25 years | 11 (21.15) | 11 (22.00) | 11 (25.58) | 9 (32.14) | 42 (24.28) |
26-39 | 23 (44.23) | 23 (46.00) | 15 (34.88) | 9 (32.14) | 70 (40.46) |
≥ 40 | 18 (34.62) | 16 (32.00) | 17 (39.53) | 10 (35.71) | 61 (35.26) |
Education level
| |||||
Illiterate | 23 (44.23) | 26 (52.00) | 21 (48.84) | 10 (35.71) | 80 (46.24) |
≥ Primary | 18 (34.62) | 11 (22.00) | 14 (32.56) | 13 (46.43) | 56 (32.37) |
≥ Secondary | 8 (15.38) | 9 (18.00) | 7 (16.28) | 3 (10.71) | 27 (15.61) |
≥ Graduation | 3 (5.77) | 4 (8.00) | 1 (2.33) | 2 (7.14) | 10 (5.78) |
Marital status
| |||||
Single | 6 (11.54) | 8 (16.00) | 13 (30.23) | 7 (25.00) | 34 (19.65) |
Married | 43 (82.69) | 41 (82.00) | 28 (65.12) | 20 (71.43) | 132 (76.30) |
Widow/widower | 3 (5.77) | 1 (2.00) | 2 (4.65) | 1 (3.57) | 7 (4.05) |
n | Percent | |
---|---|---|
People throw farm yard manure in open fields | 93 | 53.76 |
People store manure in open fields | 170 | 98.27 |
Latrine available in the compound | 54 | 31.21 |
People defecate in open fields | 123 | 71.10 |
People defecate in the latrine | 50 | 28.90 |
Knowledge of problems associated with house flies
Multan | Lahore | Faisalabad | Shorkot | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
Have you heard about house flies?
| |||||
-Yes | 52 (100%) | 50 (100%) | 43 (100%) | 28 (100%) | 173 (100%) |
-No | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Knowledge of the problems associated with house flies
| |||||
-These cause nuisance to humans | 13 (25.00) | 13 (26.00) | 9 (20.93) | 6 (21.43) | 41 (23.70) |
-These cause nuisance to farm animals | 1 (1.92) | 3 (6.00) | 2 (4.65) | 1 (3.57) | 7 (4.05) |
-These interfere the milking process | 4 (7.69) | 4 (8.00) | 2 (4.65) | 2 (7.14) | 12 (6.94) |
-These transmit diseases in humans | 8 (15.38) | 8 (16.00) | 6 (13.95) | 6 (21.43) | 28 (16.18) |
-These transmit diseases in farm animals | 5 (9.62) | 7 (14.00) | 6 (13.95) | 1 (3.57) | 19 (10.98) |
-These transmit diseases both in humans and animals | 9 (17.31) | 9 (18.00) | 6 (13.95) | 6 (21.42) | 30 (17.34) |
I don’t know | 20 (38.46) | 19 (38.00) | 20 (46.51) | 12 (42.86) | 71 (41.04) |
Knowledge of the diseases transmitted by house flies*
| |||||
House flies cause Avian influenza/bird flu | 1 (4.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (2.60) |
House flies cause diarrhea | 8 (32.00) | 8 (36.36) | 5 (27.78) | 1 (8.33) | 22 (28.57) |
I don’t know | 17 (68.00) | 14 (63.63) | 13 (72.22) | 11 (91.66) | 55 (71.43) |
Mode of disease transmission by house flies*
| |||||
-These contaminate food and drinking water | 3 (11.54) | 2 (9.09) | 1 (5.56) | 1 (9.09) | 7 (9.09) |
-These cause Infection through wounds | 5 (19.23) | 6 (27.27) | 4 (22.22) | 1 (9.09) | 16 (20.78) |
I don’t know | 18 (69.23) | 16 (72.72) | 11 (61.11) | 10 (90.91) | 55 (71.43) |
Usual active time of house flies
| |||||
-These remain active at day time | 26 (50.00) | 25 (50.00) | 22 (51.16) | 18 (64.29) | 91 (52.60) |
-These remain active at night time | 5 (9.62) | 2 (4.00) | 3 (6.98) | 0 (0.00) | 10 (5.78) |
-These remain active every time | 21 (40.38) | 23 (46.00) | 18 (41.86) | 10 (35.71) | 72 (41.62) |
Knowledge of the house flies breeding season
| |||||
House flies breed more in
| |||||
-Summer | 17 (32.69) | 17 (34.00) | 14 (32.56) | 10 (35.71) | 58 (33.53) |
-Winter | 6 (11.54) | 9 (18.00) | 3 (6.98) | 3 (10.71) | 21 (12.14) |
-Spring | 8 (15.38) | 10 (20.00) | 4 (9.30) | 1 (3.57) | 23 (13.29) |
I don’t know | 22 (42.31) | 15 (30.00) | 24 (55.81) | 14 (50.00) | 75 (43.35) |
Knowledge of the house flies breeding places
| |||||
House flies breed in
| |||||
-filth of any type | 18 (34.62) | 12 (24.00) | 11 (25.58) | 10 (35.71) | 51 (29.48) |
-human excreta | 13 (25.00) | 12 (24.00) | 13 (30.23) | 8 (28.57) | 46 (26.59) |
-farm animals’ manure | 2 (3.85) | 1 (2.00) | 1 (2.33) | 1 (3.57) | 5 (2.89) |
I don’t know | 25 (48.08) | 29 (58.00) | 21 (48.84) | 12 (42.86) | 87 (50.29) |
Knowledge of preventive measures
Multan | Lahore | Faisalabad | Shorkot | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
Are house flies preventable?
| |||||
-Yes | 20 (38.46) | 21 (42.00) | 13 (30.23) | 12 (42.86) | 66 (38.15) |
-No | 5 (9.62) | 5 (10.00) | 5 (11.63) | 2 (7.14) | 17 (9.83) |
I don’t know | 27 (51.92) | 24 (48.00) | 25 (58.14) | 14 (50.00) | 90 (52.02) |
Knowledge about preventive/control measures
| |||||
House flies can be controlled/prevented by
| |||||
-using fly papers | 1 (1.92) | 2 (4.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 3 (1.73) |
-using insecticides | 6 (11.54) | 3 (6.00) | 3 (6.98) | 2 (7.14) | 14 (8.09) |
-sanitation | 16 (30.77) | 16 (32.00) | 11 (25.58) | 8 (28.57) | 51 (29.48) |
-using fans | 6 (11.54) | 3 (6.00) | 1 (6.98) | 1 (3.57) | 11 (6.36) |
-planting mint (Mentha spp.) | 4 (7.69) | 2 (4) | 1 (2.33) | 2 (7.14) | 9 (5.20) |
-using neem (Azadirachta indica) essential oil | 15 (28.85) | 9 (18) | 7 (16.28) | 8 (28.57) | 39 (22.54) |
-using electric fly killer | 11 (21.15) | 15 (30) | 17 (39.53) | 8 (28.57) | 51 (29.48) |
I don’t know any measure | 4 (7.69) | 6 | 4 (7.69) | 0 | 14 (8.09) |
Model | H0 | −2LL* | P£ |
---|---|---|---|
Locality + Age + Education + Int** | 142.76 | --- | |
Locality + Age + Education | βInt = 0 | 146.83 | 0.250 |
Locality + Education | βAge = 0 | 151.11 | 0.015 |
Variables | n | Percentage of respondents using ≥ 1 preventive measure | Odds ratio | 95% CL | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Locality
| |||||
Multan | 52 | 46.15 | |||
Lahore | 50 | 30.00 | |||
Faisalabad | 43 | 23.26 | |||
Shorkot | 28 | 35.71 | 1.39 | 0.97-1.99 | 0.075 |
Gender
| |||||
Male | 139 | 35.25 | |||
Female | 34 | 29.41 | 1.08 | 0.38-3.06 | 0.878 |
Age (year)
| |||||
≤ 25 years | 42 | 47.62 | |||
26-39 | 70 | 28.99 | |||
≥ 40 | 61 | 31.14 | 1.08 | 0.61-1.92 | 0.798 |
Education
| |||||
Illiterate | 80 | 13.75 | |||
≥ primary | 56 | 47.27 | |||
≥ secondary | 27 | 55.56 | |||
≥ graduation | 10 | 70.00 | 0.42 | 0.25-0.71 | 0.001 |
Knowledge of the problems associated with house flies
| |||||
No problem mentioned | 132 | 30.30 | |||
At least one | 41 | 46.34 | 1.22 | 0.44-3.40 | 0.760 |
Knowledge of the house flies breeding sites
| |||||
No breeding site mentioned | 87 | 16.09 | |||
At least one breeding site mentioned | 86 | 52.33 | 0.27 | 0.11-0.66 | 0.004 |
Knowledge of preventive measures
| |||||
No preventive measure mentioned | 14 | 42.00 | |||
At least one preventive measure mentioned | 159 | 33.33 | 4.42 | 1.14-17.13 | 0.032 |
General house fly knowledge scores
| |||||
0 | 118 | 34.75 | |||
1 | 36 | 33.00 | |||
2 | 6 | 50.00 | |||
3 | 13 | 23.08 | 1.12 | 0.72-1.75 | 0.605 |
Model | H0 | −2LL* | P£ |
---|---|---|---|
Locality + Education + Breeding site knowledge + Preventive measures knowledge + Int** | 70.51 | ---- | |
Locality + Education + Breeding site knowledge + Preventive measures knowledge | βInt = 0 | 71.78 | 0.866 |
Education + Breeding site knowledge + Preventive measures knowledge | βLocality = 0 | 74.74 | 0.261 |
Education + Breeding site knowledge | βPreventive measures knowledge = 0 | 76.76 | 0.043 |