Background
Methods
Study area
Production, incomes, and cultural aspects in homegardens
Ecological parameters evaluated
Results
Floristic composition and ecological parameters of homegardens
Species richness and diversity
Environmental zone | Home garden | Area (m2) | Number of plant species | Number of individual plants | Diversity (H’) | Dominance | Equitability |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CFZ
| 1 | 550 | 68 | 777 | 3.071 | 0.918 | 0.727 |
CFZ
| 2 | 1400 | 92 | 2687 | 3.041 | 0.918 | 0.672 |
CFZ
| 3 | 600 | 94 | 1116 | 3.092 | 0.884 | 0.68 |
CFZ
| 4 | 500 | 73 | 1384 | 2.675 | 0.833 | 0.623 |
CFZ
| 5 | 1000 | 89 | 1364 | 3.043 | 0.89 | 0.678 |
CFZ
| 6 | 2000 | 57 | 1184 | 2.81 | 0.906 | 0.695 |
CFZ
| 7 | 900 | 45 | 680 | 2.64 | 0.874 | 0.693 |
CFZ
| 8 | 100 | 66 | 2058 | 2.8 | 0.862 | 0.668 |
CFZ
| 9 | 400 | 46 | 801 | 3.225 | 0.944 | 0.842 |
CFZ
| 10 | 600 | 35 | 591 | 2.703 | 0.898 | 0.76 |
χ
|
805
|
66.5
|
1264
|
2.91
|
0.89
|
0.70
| |
σ
|
550.98
|
20.88
|
662.79
|
0.21
|
0.03
|
0.06
| |
TRFZ
| 11 | 400 | 91 | 1290 | 3.153 | 0.91 | 0.698 |
TRFZ
| 12 | 150 | 34 | 245 | 2.708 | 0.892 | 0.768 |
TRFZ
| 13 | 600 | 32 | 644 | 2.035 | 0.79 | 0.587 |
TRFZ
| 14 | 150 | 11 | 53 | 1.878 | 0.774 | 0.783 |
TRFZ
| 15 | 200 | 31 | 236 | 2.627 | 0.884 | 0.765 |
TRFZ
| 16 | 300 | 69 | 969 | 2.686 | 0.844 | 0.634 |
TRFZ
| 17 | 400 | 58 | 1587 | 2.126 | 0.783 | 0.523 |
TRFZ
| 18 | 250 | 47 | 736 | 2.308 | 0.817 | 0.599 |
TRFZ
| 19 | 600 | 39 | 1062 | 2.129 | 0.802 | 0.581 |
TRFZ
| 20 | 450 | 49 | 1420 | 2.195 | 0.795 | 0.564 |
χ
|
350
|
46.10
|
824.20
|
2.38
|
0.83
|
0.65
| |
σ
|
168.33
|
22.48
|
532.06
|
0.39
|
0.05
|
0.10
| |
TDFZ
| 21 | 500 | 43 | 574 | 2.801 | 0.898 | 0.744 |
TDFZ
| 22 | 600 | 37 | 444 | 2.578 | 0.857 | 0.713 |
TDFZ
| 23 | 250 | 14 | 47 | 2.427 | 0.895 | 0.919 |
TDFZ
| 24 | 200 | 34 | 2452 | 2.217 | 0.846 | 0.628 |
TDFZ
| 25 | 100 | 37 | 281 | 2.508 | 0.853 | 0.694 |
TDFZ
| 26 | 250 | 29 | 254 | 2.807 | 0.914 | 0.833 |
TDFZ
| 27 | 150 | 45 | 175 | 3.208 | 0.939 | 0.842 |
TDFZ
| 28 | 250 | 63 | 3933 | 1.966 | 0.768 | 0.474 |
TDFZ
| 29 | 400 | 19 | 1508 | 1.029 | 0.421 | 0.349 |
TDFZ
| 30 | 300 | 46 | 3537 | 1.007 | 0.35 | 0.262 |
χ
|
300
|
36.70
|
1320.50
|
2.25
|
0.77
|
0.65
| |
σ
|
156.35
|
14.07
|
1473.13
|
0.73
|
0.21
|
0.22
|
Cloud forest zone | H’= | 2.016 | Species richness: | 24 spp. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Species | Abundance | Relative frequency | Relative density | Relative dominance | Ecological value |
Quercus laurina
| 380 | 15.625 | 34.959 | 26.899 | 77.483 |
Quercus candicans
| 261 | 11.458 | 24.011 | 23.774 | 59.244 |
Ternstroemia sp.
| 73 | 10.417 | 6.716 | 7.658 | 24.790 |
Vaccinium leucanthum
| 96 | 5.208 | 8.832 | 8.781 | 22.821 |
Styrax argenteus
| 96 | 5.208 | 8.832 | 7.812 | 21.852 |
Baccharis conferta
| 60 | 7.292 | 5.520 | 6.296 | 19.107 |
Pinus sp.
| 40 | 6.250 | 3.680 | 4.404 | 14.334 |
Clethra sp.
| 29 | 6.250 | 2.668 | 3.510 | 12.428 |
Morella cerifera
| 14 | 5.208 | 1.288 | 1.551 | 8.047 |
Eupatorium sp.
| 17 | 4.167 | 1.564 | 1.727 | 7.458 |
Arbutus xalapensis
| 11 | 4.167 | 1.012 | 1.320 | 6.499 |
Quercus crassifolia
| 6 | 4.167 | 0.552 | 0.713 | 5.431 |
Rubus sp.
| 2 | 2.083 | 0.184 | 0.231 | 2.498 |
Litsea glaucescens
| 2 | 2.083 | 0.184 | 0.225 | 2.492 |
Tropical rain forest zone
| H’ = 2.744 | Species richness: | 40 spp. | ||
Species | Abundance | Relative frequency | Relative density | Relative dominance | Ecological value |
Chamaedorea tepejilote
| 80 | 6.757 | 30.769 | 15.621 | 53.147 |
Aphelandra scabra
| 40 | 5.405 | 15.385 | 6.002 | 26.792 |
Piper sp.
| 19 | 6.757 | 7.308 | 6.346 | 20.411 |
Guarea glabra
| 11 | 5.405 | 4.231 | 8.450 | 18.086 |
Parmentiera aculeata
| 4 | 2.703 | 1.538 | 10.575 | 14.816 |
Aphananthe monoica
| 5 | 4.054 | 1.923 | 7.729 | 13.706 |
Miconia aff. Argentea
| 12 | 4.054 | 4.615 | 1.657 | 10.327 |
Comarostaphylis sp.
| 9 | 4.054 | 3.462 | 0.507 | 8.022 |
Albizia sp.
| 5 | 4.054 | 1.923 | 1.968 | 7.945 |
Oreopanax xalapensis
| 2 | 1.351 | 0.769 | 5.105 | 7.226 |
Ruprechtia sp.
| 1 | 1.351 | 0.385 | 5.016 | 6.752 |
Maclura tinctoria
| 2 | 1.351 | 0.769 | 4.074 | 6.194 |
Heliocarpus appendiculatus
| 3 | 4.054 | 1.154 | 0.333 | 5.541 |
Coccoloba grandifolia
| 2 | 2.703 | 0.769 | 1.336 | 4.808 |
Parathesis sp.
| 2 | 1.351 | 0.769 | 1.663 | 3.784 |
Inga vera
| 1 | 1.351 | 0.385 | 1.254 | 2.990 |
Sapindus saponaria
| 1 | 1.351 | 0.385 | 0.831 | 2.567 |
Eugenia capulí
| 1 | 1.351 | 0.385 | 0.495 | 2.231 |
Dendropanax arboreus
| 1 | 1.351 | 0.385 | 0.066 | 1.802 |
Trema micrantha
| 1 | 1.351 | 0.385 | 0.041 | 1.777 |
Tropical dry forest zone
| H’= | 3.562 | Species richness: | 72 spp. | |
Species | Abundance | Relative frequency | Relative density | Relative dominance | Ecological value |
Lippia graveolens
| 256 | 1.592 | 14.144 | 22.074 | 37.809 |
Jatropha dioica
| 94 | 2.387 | 5.193 | 9.261 | 16.842 |
Dasylirion serratifolium
| 26 | 2.122 | 1.436 | 11.479 | 15.037 |
Dalea bicolor
| 104 | 2.122 | 5.746 | 5.593 | 13.461 |
Neopringlea sp
| 74 | 2.122 | 4.088 | 6.014 | 12.224 |
Gymnosperma glutinosa
| 118 | 2.387 | 6.519 | 0.662 | 9.569 |
Lippia sp.
| 58 | 2.653 | 3.204 | 2.340 | 8.197 |
Dodonaea viscosa
| 70 | 2.653 | 3.867 | 0.988 | 7.508 |
Calia secundiflora
| 16 | 1.061 | 0.884 | 5.140 | 7.085 |
Turnera diffusa
| 76 | 1.326 | 4.199 | 1.186 | 6.711 |
Calea sp.
| 30 | 1.592 | 1.657 | 2.949 | 6.198 |
Zaluzania sp.
| 32 | 2.653 | 1.768 | 1.733 | 6.153 |
Lysiloma acapulcensis
| 46 | 2.653 | 2.541 | 0.898 | 6.092 |
Eysenhardtia polystachya
| 2 | 0.531 | 0.110 | 5.065 | 5.706 |
Senna sp.
| 46 | 2.122 | 2.541 | 0.953 | 5.616 |
Galphimia glauca
| 24 | 2.653 | 1.326 | 1.249 | 5.227 |
Tecoma stans
| 40 | 1.857 | 2.210 | 0.550 | 4.616 |
Pilosocereus chrysacanthus
| 10 | 2.122 | 0.552 | 1.560 | 4.235 |
Opuntia pilífera
| 12 | 2.122 | 0.663 | 1.347 | 4.132 |
Ipomoea arborescens
| 24 | 1.592 | 1.326 | 0.833 | 3.751 |
Brickellia sp.
| 10 | 2.122 | 0.552 | 1.004 | 3.679 |
Mimosa sp.
| 10 | 1.061 | 0.552 | 2.023 | 3.637 |
Lantana cámara
| 20 | 1.592 | 1.105 | 0.877 | 3.573 |
Beaucarnea gracilis
| 16 | 1.592 | 0.884 | 0.987 | 3.462 |
Wimmeria sp.
| 14 | 1.326 | 0.773 | 1.356 | 3.456 |
Mammillaria sp.
| 24 | 1.592 | 1.326 | 0.321 | 3.238 |
Pittocaulon praecox
| 10 | 2.122 | 0.552 | 0.547 | 3.221 |
Indigofera sp.
| 10 | 1.592 | 0.552 | 0.891 | 3.035 |
Plumeria rubra
| 8 | 1.592 | 0.442 | 0.659 | 2.692 |
Senna fruticosa
| 10 | 1.061 | 0.552 | 0.897 | 2.510 |
Agave potatorum
| 12 | 1.326 | 0.663 | 0.269 | 2.258 |
Wimmeria microphylla
| 20 | 0.531 | 1.105 | 0.451 | 2.086 |
Pseudosmodingium sp.
| 4 | 1.061 | 0.221 | 0.797 | 2.079 |
Indigofera cuernavacana
| 4 | 1.061 | 0.221 | 0.789 | 2.071 |
Thorn-scrub forest zone
| H’= | 1.28 | Species richness: | 69 spp. | |
Species | Abundance | Relative frequency | Relative density | Relative dominance | Ecological value |
Mammillaria carnea
| 127 | 14.85 | 8.44 | 0.42 | 23.71 |
Gomphrena decumbens
| 71 | 8.26 | 4.70 | 0.85 | 13.82 |
Panicum sp. | 66 | 7.68 | 4.37 | 0.35 | 12.40 |
Opuntia pilifera
| 38 | 4.42 | 2.51 | 5.90 | 12.82 |
Loeselia glandulosa
| 34 | 3.99 | 2.27 | 0.05 | 6.30 |
Dalea carthagenensis
| 32 | 1.99 | 1.13 | 0.59 | 3.72 |
Chamaesyce cumbrae
| 32 | 3.69 | 2.10 | 0.16 | 5.95 |
Euphorbia heterophylla
| 28 | 3.28 | 1.87 | 0.08 | 5.22 |
Zinnia peruviana
| 24 | 2.81 | 1.60 | 0.29 | 4.70 |
Pectis haenkeana
| 22 | 1.93 | 1.10 | 0.46 | 3.50 |
Mimosa luisana
| 21 | 2.46 | 1.40 | 20.20 | 24.06 |
Stenocereus stellatus
| 21 | 2.42 | 1.38 | 1.25 | 5.05 |
Coryphantha pycnacantha
| 19 | 2.23 | 1.27 | 0.04 | 3.54 |
Viguiera dentata
| 17 | 0.82 | 0.47 | 2.27 | 3.56 |
Dalea sp. | 17 | 3.75 | 2.13 | 1.58 | 7.47 |
Escontria chiotilla
| 17 | 1.99 | 1.13 | 20.81 | 23.94 |
Phaseolus sp.
| 17 | 2.58 | 1.47 | 0.11 | 4.16 |
Opuntia puberula
| 16 | 1.84 | 1.04 | 0.23 | 3.11 |
Carminatia alvarezii
| 14 | 1.64 | 0.93 | 0.06 | 2.64 |
Lippia graveolens
| 14 | 1.64 | 0.93 | 2.17 | 4.74 |
Physalis philadelphica
| 14 | 1.58 | 0.90 | 0.56 | 3.04 |
Boerhavia erecta
| 13 | 1.52 | 0.87 | 0.34 | 2.73 |
Mimosa polyantha
| 11 | 1.29 | 0.73 | 8.38 | 10.41 |
Sanvitalia fruticosa
| 10 | 1.17 | 0.67 | 0.06 | 1.90 |
Croton sp. | 9 | 1.06 | 0.60 | 2.12 | 3.78 |
Cordia curassavica
| 9 | 1.02 | 0.58 | 2.52 | 4.11 |
Celtis pallida
| 8 | 0.94 | 0.53 | 0.60 | 2.07 |
Commelina erecta
| 8 | 0.94 | 0.53 | 0.04 | 1.52 |
Similarity of plant composition
Benefits provided by homegardens
Management type | Use | Number and percentage of species |
---|---|---|
Cultivated | TOTAL | 71 spp. (100.0%) |
Ornamental | 35 spp. (49.2%) | |
Edible | 30 spp. (42.2%) | |
Medicinal | 7 spp. (9.8%) | |
Others | 4 spp. (5.6%) | |
Enhanced | TOTAL | 23 spp. (100.0%) |
Ornamental | 7 spp. (28.0%) | |
Edible | 11 spp. (44.0%) | |
Medicinal | 5 spp. (20.0%) | |
Others | 3 (12.0%) | |
Tolerated | TOTAL | 57 spp. (100.0%) |
Ornamental | 10 spp. (17.5%) | |
Edible | 8 spp. (14.0%) | |
Medicinal | 21 spp. (36.8%) | |
Others | 24 spp. (42.1%) |
Zone | Use | Number of native plant species | % of native plant species recorded |
---|---|---|---|
Cloud forest
| Ornamental | 39 | 43.8 |
Edible | 32 | 35.9 | |
Medicinal | 14 | 15.7 | |
Others | 14 | 15.7 | |
TOTAL | 89 | 100 | |
Tropical rainforest
| Ornamental | 28 | 32.6 |
Edible | 32 | 37.2 | |
Medicinal | 18 | 20.9 | |
Others | 16 | 18.6 | |
TOTAL | 86 | 100.0 | |
Tropical dry forest
| Ornamental | 18 | 26.1 |
Edible | 28 | 40.6 | |
Medicinal | 13 | 18.8 | |
Othrs | 16 | 23.2 | |
TOTAL | 69 | 100.0 |
Plant family | Species | Common name | Commercialization unit | kg/unit | Average price per unit | $/kg |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ANNONACEAE
|
Annona cherimola
| Chirimoya | Caja | 10 | 3.08 | 0.31 |
ARECACEAE
|
Chamaedorea tepejilote
| Tepejilote | Manojo | 0.5 | 0.38 | 0.76 |
ASTERACEAE
|
Chrysanthemum morifolium
| Flor campechana | Docena | 0.3 | 0.76 | 2.56 |
CACTACEAE
|
Opuntia ficus-indica
| Nopal | Penca | 0.6 | 0.38 | 0.64 |
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
|
Dianthus caryophyllus
| Clavel | Docena | 0.3 | 1.15 | 3.8 |
CUCURBITACEAE
|
Sechium edule
| Chayote | Pieza | 0.2 | 0.04 | 0.19 |
LAURACEAE
|
Persea americana
| Aguacate | Caja | 10 | 3.46 | 0.35 |
MUSACEAE
|
Musa × paradisiaca
| Plátano | Kg | 1 | 0.39 | 0.39 |
MYRTACEAE
|
Psidium guajava
| Guayaba | Bolsa | 0.4 | 0.39 | 0.96 |
PASSIFLORACEAE
|
Passiflora edulis
| Granadilla | Caja | 10 | 6.15 | 0.62 |
ROSACEAE
|
Malus domestica
| Manzana | Caja | 10 | 3.65 | 0.37 |
ROSACEAE
|
Prunus persica
| Durazno | Caja | 10 | 4.62 | 0.46 |
ROSACEAE
|
Eriobotrya japonica
| Níspero | Caja | 10 | 3.85 | 0.39 |
ROSACEAE
|
Prunus serotina
| Capulín | Bolsa | 0.5 | 0.39 | 0.77 |
ROSACEAE
|
Prunus domestica
| Ciruela | Caja | 10 | 2.69 | 0.27 |
RUBIACEAE
|
Coffea arabica
| Café tostado y molido | Kg | 1 | 6.92 | 6.92 |
RUBIACEAE
|
Coffea arabica
| Café verde | Kg | 1 | 3.85 | 3.85 |
RUTACEAE
|
Citrus reticulata
| Madarina | Bolsa | 1 | 0.39 | 0.39 |
RUTACEAE
|
Citrus × sinensis
| Licor de naranja | Lt. | 1 | 3.08 | 3.08 |
RUTACEAE
|
Citrus × sinensis
| Naranja | Kg | 1.25 | 0.39 | 0.31 |
RUTACEAE
|
Citrus x aurantifolia
| Lima | Bolsa | 1 | 0.39 | 0.39 |
SOLANACEAE
|
Capsicum pubescens
| Chile canario | Caja | 10 | 3.46 | 0.35 |
ZINGIBERACEAE
|
Renealmia alpinia
| Belígmoli | Docena | 0.1 | 0.39 | 3.85 |
Plant management
Management types
Spatial arrangement
Maintenance of homegardens
Discussion
CFZ | TRFZ | TDFZ | TSFZ | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chamaedora elegans
|
Cercocarpus macrophyllus
|
Acacia farnesiana
|
Acacia cochliacantha
| |
Platanus mexicana
|
Chamaedora elegans
|
Salix taxifolia
| Acalypha sp. | |
Plumeria rubra
|
Hamelia patens
|
Celtis pallida
| ||
Rubus eriocarpus
|
Rubus eriocarpus
|
Cercidium praecox
| ||
Salix taxifolia
|
Talauma mexicana
|
Commelina erecta
| ||
Siparuna andina
|
Escontria chiotilla
| |||
Ferocactus latispinus
| ||||
Lippia graveolens
| ||||
Physalis philadelphica
| ||||
Sedum sp. | ||||
Stenocereus pruinosus
| ||||
Ziziphus amole
| ||||
Total: 25 | 5 | 6 | 2 | 12 |
*Percentage | 18.50% | 22.22% | 7.40% | +5.05% |
Municipality | Total number of plant species | Plant family | Number of plant species |
---|---|---|---|
Coyomeapan | 281 | Asteraceae | 26 |
Solanaceae | 17 | ||
Rosaceae | 15 | ||
Fabaceae | 9 | ||
Agavaceae | 8 | ||
Coxcatlán | 233 | Araceae | 15 |
Cactaceae | 14 | ||
Liliaceae | 13 | ||
Solanaceae | 12 | ||
Crassulaceae | 10 |
Municipality | Management type | % | Use | % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Coyomeapan | Cultivated | 63 | Ornamental | 49.2 |
Edible | 42.2 | |||
Medicinal | 9.8 | |||
Protected | 12 | Ornamental | 28 | |
Edible | 44 | |||
Medicinal | 20 | |||
Tolerated | 25 | Ornamental | 17.5 | |
Edible | 14 | |||
Medicinal | 36.8 | |||
Coxcatlán | Cultivated | 68 | Ornamental | 70 |
Edible | 29.5 | |||
Medicinal | 6.5 | |||
Protected | 10 | Ornamental | 47.6 | |
Edible | 36.5 | |||
Medicinal | 15.9 | |||
Tolerated | 22 | Ornamental | 55.2 | |
Edible | 31 | |||
Medicinal | 17.2 |