Background
Methods
Study setting
Municipality | A | B | C | D | The Netherlands |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total number of inhabitants | 201,259 | 170,349 | 135,648 | 77,450 | 16,357,992 |
Degree of urbanization (number of inhabitants per km2) | 1,716 | 1,344 | 1,606 | 727 | 394 |
Percentage inhabitants aged 0-14 years (%) | 16.7 | 17.3 | 17.2 | 17.6 | 18.1 |
Percentage Western immigrants (%)b
| 8.2 | 10.0 | 8.6 | 8.7 | 8.8 |
Percentage non-Western immigrants (%)c
| 13.4 | 10.2 | 9.9 | 11.9 | 10.6 |
Number of municipal employees | 1,915 | 2,189 | 1,430 | 679 | NA |
Delphi method
Participants
First Delphi round: brainstorm with policy makers
Second Delphi round: feasibility of policy measures
Third Delphi round: group consensus
Data analysis
Results
Municipality | First and second Delphi round | Third Delphi round | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Invited | Participated | Response | Invited | Participated | Response | |
A | 10 (6 m, 4 f) | 9 (5 m, 4 f) | 90.0% | 10 (6 m, 4 f) | 10 (6 m, 4 f) | 100.0% |
B | 10 (2 m, 8 f) | 8 (1 m, 7 f) | 80.0% | 10 (2 m, 8 f) | 9 (2 m, 7 f) | 90.0% |
C | 8 (4 m, 4 f) | 5 (2 m, 3 f) | 62.5% | 8 (4 m, 4 f) | 6 (4 m, 2 f) | 75.0% |
D | 8 (4 m, 4 f) | 4 (2 m, 2 f) | 50.0% | 8 (4 m, 4 f) | 7 (4 m, 3 f) | 87.5% |
Total | 36 (16 m, 20 f) | 26 (10 m, 16 f) | 72.2% | 36 (16 m, 20 f) | 32 (16 m, 16 f) | 88.9% |
Policy measures developed in the first Delphi round | Type of policy measure | Perceived overall feasibility (weighted median score)a
| Consensus (SD) | Range |
---|---|---|---|---|
Municipality A: social cohesion | ||||
1. Multi-use of school yards
b
|
Juridical/environmental
|
5.08
|
0.75
|
4.00-6.37
|
2. Subsidy for citizens' initiatives to increase social cohesionb
| Economic | 5.05 | 0.80 | 3.10-6.30 |
3. Democratic decision process when implementing new neighborhood facilities | Juridical | 4.65 | 0.65 | 4.00-6.30 |
4. Stimulate/oblige parents to choose primary school within own neighborhoodb
| Communicative/juridical | 4.30 | 1.26 | 1.00-5.47 |
5. Spatial planning that enhances daily encountersb
| Environmental | 4.10 | 0.95 | 2.90-6.20 |
Municipality A: accessibility of facilities | ||||
6. Attractive (walking) routes for children
b
|
Environmental
|
5.19
|
0.83
|
3.60-7.00
|
7. Informal play facilities (fallow lands, sand hills)
|
Juridical/environmental
|
5.01
|
0.81
|
3.80-6.50
|
8. Multi-use of vacant parking placesb
| Juridical/environmental | 4.58 | 0.80 | 3.00-5.30 |
9. Outdoor exercise facilities for adults (role models) | Environmental | 4.50 | 0.74 | 3.00-5.50 |
10. Increase economic accessibility of sport facilities | Economic | 4.10 | 0.65 | 3.50-5.70 |
Municipality A: traffic safety | ||||
11. Local Safety Label for primary schools | Communicative | 5.25 | 1.02 | 3.70-6.70 |
12. Fencing off streets for outdoor play | Juridical/environmental | 5.25 | 1.41 | 2.00-6.04 |
13. Enhance responsibility of school boards and parents for traffic safety
b
|
Communicative
|
5.20
|
0.73
|
3.60-6.00
|
14. Car-free/low-traffic school zones during peak hoursc
| Juridical/environmental | 4.43 | 0.70 | 3.20-5.15 |
Municipality B: social cohesion | ||||
15. Use major changes in neighborhoods to increase social cohesion | Communicative | 5.43 | 0.90 | 3.00-6.20 |
16. Stimulate initiatives of citizens to increase social cohesionb
| Economic/communicative | 5.22 | 1.03 | 2.80-6.80 |
17. Multi-use of school yardsb
| Juridical/environmental | 5.05 | 1.51 | 1.30-7.00 |
18. Increase social cohesion by business licensing requirements | Juridical | 4.61 | 0.70 | 3.80-6.10 |
Municipality B: accessibility of facilities | ||||
19. Attractive (walking) routes for childrenb
| Environmental | 5.51 | 1.09 | 2.80-7.00 |
20. Multi-use of vacant parking placesb
| Juridical/environmental | 4.48 | 0.64 | 3.90-5.63 |
21. Dispersal of play facilities over the neighborhood
|
Environmental
|
3.83
|
0.74
|
2.90-5.50
|
22. Car free neighborhoods | Environmental | 3.35 | 1.11 | 2.30-5.80 |
Municipality B: traffic safety | ||||
23. Supervised active commuting to school
|
Communicative
|
5.68
|
0.99
|
3.90-6.85
|
24. Increase awareness for active commuting to school | Communicative | 4.90 | 1.04 | 2.80-6.35 |
25. School zones that discourage carsc
| Juridical/environmental | 4.40 | 0.85 | 2.70-5.60 |
26. Infrastructural facilities that help children reach popular destinations | Environmental | 4.20 | 0.81 | 2.70-4.95 |
Municipality C: social cohesion | ||||
27. Fencing off streets for outdoor play
b
|
Juridical/environmental
|
5.05
|
0.83
|
4.05-6.53
|
28. Maintain play function of play facilities for children | Juridical | 4.55 | 0.40 | 4.00-5.10 |
29. Stimulate/oblige parents to choose primary school within own neighborhood
b
|
Communicative/juridical
|
3.70
|
0.54
|
3.15-4.50
|
30. Improve neighborhood's population composition | Juridical/economical | 2.85 | 1.55 | 1.75-6.00 |
Municipality C: accessibility of facilities | ||||
31. Parking policies that stimulate active transportation | Environmental | 4.90 | 0.64 | 4.00-5.80 |
32. Attract facilities in the neighborhood by adjusting the municipal zoning plan | Juridical | 4.90 | 0.44 | 4.20-5.45 |
33. Physical education facilities in the direct surroundings of the school
|
Environmental
|
3.80
|
0.35
|
3.60-4.55
|
34. Dependences of well-known (professional) sport clubs in the neighborhood
|
Environmental
|
3.00
|
0.76
|
2.60-4.75
|
Municipality C: traffic safety | ||||
35. Communication around active commuting
|
Communicative
|
5.60
|
0.46
|
5.20-6.65
|
36. Traffic education for children at primary schools
|
Communicative
|
5.40
|
0.69
|
4.40-6.45
|
37. Attractive routes for recreation (bicycling, skating) | Environmental | 4.30 | 0.57 | 3.80-5.20 |
38. Improve public transportation supply
|
Environmental
|
3.85
|
0.89
|
2.80-5.55
|
Municipality D: social cohesion | ||||
39. Assign a part of the neighborhood maintenance budget to citizens
|
Economic
|
5.50
|
0.76
|
4.00-6.06
|
40. Organizing agreements with local actors about neighborhood activities
|
Juridical/communicative
|
5.40
|
0.48
|
4.75-6.20
|
41. Assign part of the budget for neighborhood activities to local actors
|
Economic
|
5.30
|
0.59
|
4.10-5.70
|
42. Neighborhood agreements that increases the feeling of social safety
|
Juridical/communicative
|
5.15
|
0.68
|
4.80-6.50
|
43. Spatial planning that enhances daily encounters
b
|
Environmental
|
5.10
|
0.53
|
4.40-5.90
|
Municipality D: accessibility of facilities | ||||
44. Safety Impact Assessment for all sport facilities
|
Juridical/communicative
|
5.80
|
0.91
|
4.30-6.80
|
45. Physical infrastructure to increase the accessibility of sport facilities | Environmental | 5.40 | 1.15 | 2.57-5.75 |
46. Spatial planning that fits the needs of different target groups (youth, elderly) | Environmental | 4.90 | 0.74 | 3.50-5.70 |
47. Location of sport facilities (easily accessible from the neighborhood) | Environmental/juridical | 4.45 | 0.69 | 3.80-5.70 |
Municipality D: traffic safety | ||||
48. Provide users of facilities with information to enhance traffic safety
b
|
Communicative
|
5.75
|
0.27
|
5.40-6.10
|
49. Couple maximum traffic speeds to standard street types
|
Juridical
|
5.45
|
0.51
|
4.40-5.90
|
50. Car-free/low-traffic school zonesc
| Juridical/environmental | 4.50 | 0.57 | 3.45-5.30 |
51. Deregulation of traffic situations | Juridical/environmental | 4.30 | 0.52 | 3.90-5.37 |