MicroRNA-203 suppresses cell proliferation and migration by targeting BIRC5 and LASP1 in human triple-negative breast cancer cells

Human triple-negative breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-231) and normal breast cell line MCF-10A, were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection. MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-231 cells were maintained in DMEM (Gibco) supplemented with 10% FBS and 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin. MCF-10A cells were maintained in DMEM/F-12 supplemented with 10% FBS, insulin (10 μg /ml), hydrocortisone (500 ng/ml) and EGF (20 ng/ml). The cells were collected using 0.05% trypsin EDTA following the specified incubation period.

Cells were seeded in 6-well plates at a concentration of 1 × 10⁵ and cultured in medium without antibiotics for approximately 24 h before transfection. Cells were transiently transfected with miR-203 precursor (Applied Biosystems) or negative control miRNA, BIRC5 siRNA (Sigma), LASP1 siRNA (Sigma) or control siRNA at a final concentration of 200nM. PcDNA-BIRC5 or pcDNA-LASP1 plasmid was also transfected into MDA-MB-231 cells using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s protocol.

Total RNA was extracted from cultured cells using the TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen). cDNA was obtained by reverse transcription of total RNA using a TaqMan Reverse Transcription Kit (Applied Biosystems) and iScript cDNA Synthesis kit (BIO-RAD), respectively. The expression level of mature miR-203 was measured using a TaqMan miRNA assay (Applied Biosystems) according to the provided protocol and using U6 small nuclear RNA as an internal control. Expression of BIRC5 and LASP1mRNA was detected using Power SYBR Green kit (Applied Biosystems). All experiments were performed in triplicate.

Cells were seeded into a 12-well cell culture plate and incubated for 2 weeks at 37 °C after treatment. Then, cells were washed twice with PBS, fixed with cold methanol, stained with 0.1% crystal violet, washed and air dried.

Cells were harvested and re-suspended in serum-free DMEM medium. For the migration assay, 5 × 10⁴ cells were added into the upper chamber of the insert (BD Bioscience, 8 μm pore size). Cells were plated in medium without serum, and medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum in the lower chamber served as the chemoattractant. After 6 h of incubation, cells were fixed with 3.7% formaldehyde and stained with crystal violet staining solution, and cells on the upper side of the insert were removed with a cotton swab. The migratory capacity was evaluated as the total number of cells on the lower surface of the membrane, as determined by microscopy.

The cells in each well, including dead cells floating in the medium, were harvested and lysed in RIPA buffer. The protein concentrations of the lysates were determined using a bicinchoninic acid protein assay kit (Pierce Biotech). An aliquot of the lysate containing 50 μg proteins was subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and then transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride membranes. The membranes were blocked with blocking buffer (TBST containing 5% non-fat milk) for 1 h at room temperature and then incubated overnight at 4 °C with the following specific primary antibodies: BIRC5, LASP1 β-actin (Cell Signaling Technology). Subsequent incubation with the appropriate horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies was performed for 2 h at room temperature. Signals were detected using enhanced chemiluminescence reagents (Thermo).

To evaluate the function of miR-203, the 3’-UTRs of BIRC5 and LASP1 with a miR-203 targeting sequence were cloned into the pMIR-REPORT luciferase reporter vector (Ambion). The sequences used to amplify BIRC5 3’-UTR were 5’-AAAGCCGGCCTGAAGTCTGGCGTAAGATG-3’ (forward) and 5’-GGACTAGTCCACATGAGACTTTATTG-3’ (reverse). The sequences used to amplify LASP1 3’-UTR were 5’-AAAGCCGGCGTCTTCTCTACAGTTCAC -3’ (forward) and 5’-GGACTAGTCCAGGAGAAAGATTCACTTG-3’ (reverse). Mutant BIRC5 and LASP1 3’-UTRs bearing a substitution of three nucleotides (TTT to CCC) in the miR-203 target sequence were generated using a Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Agilent Technologies). Cells were co-transfected with luciferase reporter plasmids and miR-203 precursor (or control miRNA) along with Renilla Luciferase phRG-TK (Promega) as an internal control using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen). Luciferase activity was measured 72 h after transfection using the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega). All experiments were performed in triplicate.

We detected the abundance of miR-203 in triple-negative human breast cancer cell lines: MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-231 and a normal breast cell line: MCF-10A, by real-time PCR. TNBC cell lines (MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-231) showed significant miR-203 repression than normal breast cell line MCF-10A. We also detected BIRC5 and LASP1 expression at mRNA level in breast cancer cell lines and MCF-10A cell line. It was intriguing that in sharp contrast to the down-regulation of miR-203 in TNBC cells, BIRC5 and LASP1 expression is increased in TNBC cell lines compared to that in MCF-10A (Figure 1B&C). These data may implicate miR-203 expression is negatively correlated with BIRC5 and LASP1.

Previous reports have shown that the over-expression of miR-203 has an impact on growth in prostate and laryngeal cancer cell lines [13, 14]. Therefore, we investigated the effect of miR-203 on the proliferation of TNBC cells. Colony formation assay showed that a statistically significant inhibition of TNBC cell proliferation occurred after treatment with the miR-203 precursor (Figure 2A). To investigate whether miR-203 inhibits the migration of TNBC cells, we performed a transwell migration assay. Interestingly, the over-expression of miR-203 repressed the migration of the MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells. Cell mobility was significantly decreased by approximately 50% in miR-203-transfected cells compared with the control miRNA-transfected cells (Figure 2B). These observations suggest that miR-203 over-expression suppresses the mobility of TNBC cells in vitro.

To explore the molecular mechanism of miR-203 activity, we used TargetScan 6.0 to search for target genes of miR-203, especially for genes with potential roles in promoting tumor cell proliferation and migration. It has been reported that individual miRNAs are capable of regulating dozens of distinct mRNAs. Based on this rationale, we selected two candidate miR-203 targets, BIRC5 and LASP1, for further study. We examined the influence of miR-203 on the endogenous expression of BIRC5 and LASP1 proteins by western blot. Intriguingly, BIRC5 and LASP1 expression were significantly decreased in miR-203-transfected MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells compared with control miRNA-transfected cells (Figure 3A). It was reported that miRNA can cause either mRNA degradation or translation repression. QPCR assay was also carried out to detect BIRC5 and LASP1 expression at mRNA level after transefected with miR-203 precursor in TNBC cells. We found that a decrease of BIRC5 and LASP1 mRNA in TNBC cells after treated (Figure 3B), so we believe that miRNA-203 regulates BIRC5 and LASP1 expression at both protein and mRNA levels. Moreover, a potential miR-203 targeting site was predicted in the 3’-UTRs of BIRC5 and LASP1 by TargetScan 6.0 (Figure 3C). To investigate whether the 3’-UTRs of BIRC5 and LASP1 are functional targets of miR-203 in breast cancer cells, we co-transfected the miR-203 precursor (or control miRNA) and pMIR-BIRC5-3’-UTR plasmid (or mutant) or pMIR-LASP1-3’-UTR plasmid (or mutant) into cells. Co-transfection with the miR-203 precursor was found to decrease wild type BIRC5 and LASP1 3’-UTR reporter activity (P < 0.05) compared with co-transfection with control miRNA in both two cell lines. However, co-transfection with the miR-203 precursor did not significantly alter mutant BIRC5 or LASP1 3’-UTR reporter activity (Figure 3D). These results demonstrated that miR-203 targets the predicted site within the 3’-UTRs of BIRC5 and LASP1 mRNA in TNBC cell lines.

To investigate the effect of BIRC5 on the proliferation of TNBC cell, we employed MDA-MB-231 cells as the model system to perform the subsequent studies. We evaluated the cell proliferative capacity of MDA-MB-231 cells transfected with BIRC5 siRNA (or control siRNA). The expression of BIRC5 protein in the cells transfected with BIRC5 siRNA was significantly decreased in comparison with that of cells transfected with control siRNA (Figure 4A), indicating that the expression of BIRC5 was effectively inhibited by BIRC5 siRNA. Subsequent studies showed that the proliferative capacity of cells transfected with BIRC5 siRNA was significantly lower than that of cells treated with control siRNA (Figure 4B).

To investigate the effect of LASP1 on the migration of TNBC cell, we evaluated the cell migratory capacity of MDA-MB-231 cells transfected with LASP1 siRNA (or control siRNA). The expression of LASP1 protein in the cells transfected with LASP1 siRNA was significantly decreased in comparison with that of cells transfected with control siRNA (Figure 5A), indicating that the expression of LASP1 was effectively inhibited by LASP1 siRNA. Subsequent studies showed that the migratory capacity of cells transfected with LASP1 siRNA was significantly lower than that of cells treated with control siRNA (Figure 5B).

To provide direct evidence that down-regulation of BIRC5 is required for the anti-tumorigenic effects of miR-203, we transfected MDA-MB-231 cells with pcDNA-BIRC5 and miR-203 precursor. We first confirmed that BIRC5 and miR-203 have been conducted into the cells (Figure 6A), then, we used colony formation assay to show that the inhibition of MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation by miR-203 could be partially rescued by BIRC5 up-regulated (Figure 6B). These data clearly indicate that the ectopic over-expression of BIRC5 could efficiently block the effect on proliferation caused by miR-203.

To provide direct evidence that miR-203 inhibits the migration of TNBC cells through the LASP1-mediated signal pathway, we transfected MDA-MB-231 cells with miR-203 precursor and pcDNA-LASP1. We confirmed the effect of the transfection by western blot (Figure 7A). The migration assay showed that the over-expression of LASP1 could partially rescue the migratory capacity of MDA-MB-231 cells treated with the miR-203 precursor (Figure 7B).