Introduction
Methods
Data Collection
Variables
-
HIV testing : Students were asked if they had ever had an HIV test with responses being categorized as yes (1) and no (0).
-
Consistent condom use : Frequency of condom use was measured separately with both steady and nonsteady sex partners. A steady sex partner was defined as "someone with whom you have sexual intercourse on a regular or consistent basis, like a husband/wife or boy/girlfriend." A nonsteady sex partner was defined as "someone with whom you have sexual intercourse but only occasionally or even just once." For both partner types, students who reported always using condoms during the 3 months prior to the survey were coded as consistent condom users (1). Remaining students who reported using condoms usually, about half the time, seldom, or never were coded as inconsistent condom users (0). Those reporting no sexual partner during the 3 months prior to the survey were excluded from the regression analyses.
-
Multiple sex partners : Students reporting 2 or more sex partners in the 12 months prior to the survey were coded as having multiple sex partners (1), while those with 1 partner were coded as not having multiple sex partners (0). Due to issues of reliability associated with long recall periods, those reporting no sex partner during this time period were not surveyed about sexual behaviors.
-
Perceived risk of HIV : Students were asked to report their perceived risk of becoming infected with HIV. Response categories included great risk, some risk, not much risk, and no risk. Responses were dichotomized into categories of great/some risk (1) and little/no risk (0).
-
HIV education : Students were asked if they had attended a lecture, course, or community forum about HIV/AIDS in the 12 months before the survey. Those who reported attending such an activity were coded as receiving HIV/AIDS education (1), while remaining students were coded as not receiving such education (0).
-
HIV awareness : Students were asked if they knew someone who was infected with HIV or had died from AIDS. Those responding yes were coded as having a personal awareness of HIV (1), while those reporting knowing no such person were coded as having no personal awareness of HIV (0).
-
Marital status : Students were asked to report their current relationship status with categories including legally married, common-law, visiting partner (steady sex partner), boy/girlfriend, or no relationship. Students who reported being legally married or involved in a common-law relationship were coded as being married (1), while remaining students were coded as not being married (0).
-
Age : Students were asked to report their age, in years, on their last birthday. Those reporting being under the age of 25 were coded as youth (1) while those 25 years of age and older were coded as adults (0). This categorization was based on the World Health Organization's (WHO) definition of youth.[32]
-
Sex : Students were asked to report if they were male (1) or female (0).
Data analysis
Results
Sample Characteristics
Bivariate Models
Variable | Tested Number (%)* | Untested Number (%)* | Chi-Square X
2 (P value) |
---|---|---|---|
Age | |||
Less than 25 years | 102 (26.1) | 332 (61.1) |
X
2 = 111.29 |
25 years or older | 289 (73.9) | 211 (38.9) | (.0000) |
Marital Status | |||
Married/common-law | 174 (44.8) | 118 (22.2) |
X
2 = 53.20 |
Not married/common-law | 214 (55.2) | 414 (77.8) | (.0000) |
Sex | |||
Male | 108 (27.2) | 197 (35.6) |
X
2 = 7.52 |
Female | 289 (72.8) | 356 (64.4) | (.0061) |
HIV Education in Previous 12 Months | |||
Yes | 111 (28.5) | 104 (19.0) |
X
2 = 11.65 |
No | 278 (71.5) | 443 (81.0) | (.0006) |
HIV Personal Awareness | |||
Yes | 235 (59.8) | 245 (44.5) |
X
2 = 21.33 |
No | 158 (40.2) | 305 (55.5) | (.0000) |
Perceived Risk of HIV | |||
Great/some risk | 154 (42.9) | 231 (42.4) |
X
2 = 0.23 |
Little/no risk | 205 (57.1) | 314 (57.6) | (.8790) |
Condom Use With Most Recent Steady Sex Partner | |||
Consistent | 60 (20.8) | 111 (29.8) |
X
2 = 6.86 |
Inconsistent | 228 (79.2) | 261 (70.2) | (.0088) |
Condom Use With Most Recent Nonsteady Sex Partner | |||
Consistent | 47 (58.0) | 62 (57.9) |
X
2 = 0.00 |
Inconsistent | 34 (42.0) | 45 (42.1) | (.9911) |
Number of Sex Partners in Previous 12 Months | |||
Multiple (2+) | 106 (28.7) | 158 (31.3) |
X
2 = 0.66 |
Single (1) | 263 (71.3) | 347 (68.7) | (.4154) |
Multivariate Models
Model and Independent Variables** | B | S.E. | Significance | Odds Ratio | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Submodel 1: Perceived HIV Risk
| |||||
Age | .2359 | .1747 | .1767 | 1.27 | 0.90, 1.78 |
Marital status
|
-.4864
|
.1907
|
.0108
|
0.61
|
0.42, 0.89
|
Sex | .0649 | .1533 | .6719 | 1.07 | 0.79, 1.44 |
HIV education | -.1975 | .1754 | .2601 | 0.82 | 0.58, 1.16 |
HIV awareness
|
.3763
|
.1498
|
.0120
|
1.46
|
1.09, 1.95
|
Submodel 2: HIV Testing
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age
|
-1.1357
|
.1865
|
.0000
|
0.32
|
0.22, 0.46
|
Marital status
|
.4104
|
.1902
|
.0310
|
1.51
|
1.04, 2.19
|
Sex | -.1274 | .1673 | .4463 | 0.88 | 0.63, 1.22 |
HIV education
|
.4252
|
.1827
|
.0199
|
1.53
|
1.07, 2.19
|
HIV awareness
|
.3310
|
.1589
|
.0372
|
1.39
|
1.02, 1.90
|
Perceived HIV risk | .2224 | .1571 | .1569 | 1.25 | 0.92, 1.70 |
Submodel 3a: Consistent Condom Use With Last Steady Partner
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | .1445 | .2461 | .5572 | 1.56 | 0.71, 1.87 |
Marital status
|
-1.0798
|
.2859
|
.0002
|
0.34
|
0.19, 0.59
|
Sex | .0936 | .2125 | .6596 | 1.10 | 0.72, 1.67 |
HIV education | .1573 | .2525 | .5332 | 1.17 | 0.71, 1.92 |
HIV awareness | .2409 | .2136 | .2595 | 1.27 | 0.84, 1.93 |
Perceived HIV risk
|
-.6471
|
.2104
|
.0021
|
0.52
|
0.35, 0.79
|
HIV testing | -.0660 | .2214 | .7657 | 0.94 | 0.62, 1.44 |
Submodel 3b: Consistent Condom Use With Last Nonsteady Partner
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | .1180 | .4039 | .7701 | 1.13 | 0.51, 2.48 |
Marital status
|
-1.2633
|
.5584
|
.0237
|
0.28
|
0.09, 0.84
|
Sex | .5292 | .3365 | .1159 | 1.70 | 0.88, 3.28 |
HIV education | .1713 | .4439 | .6996 | 1.19 | 0.50, 2.83 |
HIV awareness | .1095 | .3490 | .7538 | 1.12 | 0.56, 2.21 |
Perceived HIV risk | -.3827 | .3351 | .2535 | 0.68 | 0.35, 1.32 |
HIV testing | .3626 | .3744 | .3328 | 1.44 | 0.69, 2.99 |
Submodel 3c: Multiple Sex Partners
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age
|
.4439
|
.2141
|
.0381
|
1.56
|
1.02, 2.37
|
Marital status
|
-1.1461
|
.2645
|
.0000
|
0.32
|
0.19, 0.53
|
Sex
|
1.2606
|
.1785
|
.0000
|
3.53
|
2.49, 5.01
|
HIV education | -.3969 | .2225 | .0744 | 0.67 | 0.43, 1.04 |
HIV awareness | .2753 | .1844 | .1355 | 1.32 | 0.92, 1.90 |
Perceived HIV risk
|
.5718
|
.1750
|
.0011
|
1.77
|
1.26, 2.50
|
HIV testing | .3148 | .1952 | .1068 | 1.37 | 0.93, 2.01 |