Introduction
Objectives
Study design
Methods
Three or more of the following five risk factors: | |
---|---|
Risk factor | Defining level |
Central obesity | Waist circumference |
• Men | > 102 cm (> 40 in) |
• Women | > 88 cm (> 35 in) |
Triglycerides | ≥ 150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L) |
HDL cholesterol | |
• Men | < 40 mg/dL (1.03 mmol/L) |
• Women | < 50 mg/dL (1.29 mmol/L) |
Blood pressure | ≥ 130/≥ 85 mm Hg |
Fasting glucose | ≥ 110 mg/dL (6.1 mmol/L) |
Central obesity (defined as waist circumference ≥ 90cm for Asian men ≥ 80cm for Asian women, with ethnicity specific values for other groups) plus any two of the following four factors: | |
1. | Raised TG level: ≥ 150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L), or specific treatment for this lipid abnormality |
2. | Reduced HDL cholesterol: < 40 mg/dL (1.03 mmol/L) in males and < 50 mg/dL (1.29 mmol/L) in females, or specific treatment for this lipid abnormality |
3. | Raised blood pressure: systolic BP ≥ 130 or diastolic BP ≥ 85 mm Hg or Treatment of previously diagnosed hypertension |
4. | Raised fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥ 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L), or previously diagnosed type 2 diabetes |
Results
Socio demographic factor | Metabolic Syndrome (IDF) | Total No. (% age) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes No. (% age) | No No.(% age) | |||
Gender
| ||||
Male
| 116 (40.4) (40.0)* | 174 (54.7) (60.0)* | 290 (47.9) (100.0)* |
p < .001
|
Female
| 171 (59.6)
(54.3)
| 144 (45.3)
(45.7)
| 315 (52.1)
(100.0)
| |
Age
| ||||
18-25 yrs
| 5 (1.7)
(9.4)
| 48 (15.1)
(90.6)
| 53 (8.8)
(100.0)
|
p < .001
|
26-35 yrs
| 35 (12.2)
(30.7)
| 79 (24.8)
(60.3)
| 114 (18.8)
(100.0)
| |
36-49 yrs
| 114 (39.7)
(50.7)
| 111 (34.9)
(49.3)
| 225 (37.2)
(100.0)
| |
50-59 yrs
| 56 (19.5)
(61.5)
| 35 (11.0)
(38.5)
| 91 (15.0)
(100.0)
| |
60-65 yrs
| 42 (14.6)
(63.6)
| 24 (7.5)
(36.4)
| 66 (10.9)
(100.0)
| |
>65 yrs
| 35 (12.2)
(62.5)
| 21 (6.6)
(37.5)
| 56 (9.3)
(100.0)
| |
Mean ± SD
|
49.46 ± 13.24
|
44.96 ± 14.88
|
44.99 ± 14.74
| |
Background
| ||||
Urban
| 249 (86.8)
(51.8)
| 232 (73.0)
(48.2)
| 481 (79.5)
(100.0)
|
p < .001
|
Rural
| 26 (9.1)
(41.3)
| 37 (11.6)
(58.7)
| 63 (10.4)
(100.0)
| |
Slum
| 12 (4.2)
(19.7)
| 49 (15.4)
(80.3)
| 61 (10.1)
(100.0)
| |
Socioeconomic status
| ||||
Upper-upper
| 9 (3.1)
(64.3)
| 5 (1.6)
(35.7)
| 14 (8.8)
(100.0)
|
p = .006
|
Upper-middle
| 190 (66.2)
(51.6)
| 178 (56.0)
(48.4)
| 368 (60.8)
(100.0)
| |
Upper-lower
| 55 (19.2)
(44.4)
| 69 (21.7)
(55.6)
| 124 (20.5)
(100.0)
| |
Lower
| 33 (11.5)
(33.3)
| 66 (17.7)
(66.7)
| 99 (16.4)
(100.0)
| |
Religion
| ||||
Hindu
| 157 (54.7)
(42.2)
| 215 (67.6)
(57.8)
| 372 (61.5)
(100.0)
|
p = .002
|
Sikh
| 121 (42.2)
(58.2)
| 87 (27.4)
(41.8)
| 208 (34.4)
(100.0)
| |
Muslim
| 7 (2.4)
(35.0)
| 13 (4.1)
(65.0)
| 20 (3.3)
(100.0)
| |
Christian
| 2 (0.7)
(40.0)
| 3 (0.9)
(60.0)
| 5 (0.8)
(100.0)
| |
Physical activity
| ||||
Sedentary
| 259 (90.2)
(51.4)
| 245 (77.0)
(48.6)
| 504 (83.3)
(100.0)
|
p < .001
|
Moderate
| 28 (9.8)
(30.1)
| 65 (20.4)
(69.9)
| 93 (15.4)
(100.0)
| |
Heavy
| 0 (0.0)
(0.0)
| 8 (2.5)
(100.0)
| 8 (1.3)
(100.0)
| |
BMI
| ||||
Underweight
| 0 (0.0)
(0.0)
| 18 (5.7)
(100.0)
| 18 (3.0)
(100.0)
|
p < .001
|
Normal
| 51 (17.8)
(19.2)
| 215 (67.6)
(80.8)
| 266 (44.0)
(100.0)
| |
Pre-obese
| 162 (56.4)
(67.5)
| 78 (24.5)
(32.5)
| 240 (39.7)
(100.0)
| |
Obese Class I
| 63 (22.0)
(91.3)
| 6 (1.9)
(8.7)
| 69 (11.4)
(100.0)
| |
Obese Class II
| 9 (3.1)
(90.0)
| 1 (0.3)
(10.0)
| 10 (1.7)
(100.0)
| |
Obese Class III
| 2 (0.7)
(100.0)
| 0 (0.0)
(0.0)
| 2 (0.3)
(100.0)
| |
Mean ± SD
|
27.89 ±
|
23.16 ± 3.17
|
25.40 ± 4.13
| |
Total
| 287 (100.0)
(47.4)
| 318 (100.0)
(52.6)
| 605 (100.0)
(100.0)
|
Socio demographic factor | Metabolic Syndrome (ATP-III) | Total No. (% age) | p value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes No. (% age) | No No. (% age) | |||
Gender
| ||||
Male
| 116 (39.5)
(31.7)
| 198 (53.2)
(68.3)
| 290 (47.9)
(100.0)
|
p < .001
|
Female
| 141 (44.8)
(44.8)
| 174 (46.8)
(55.2)
| 315 (52.1)
(100.0)
| |
Age
| ||||
18-25 yrs
| 4 (1.7)
(7.5)
| 49 (13.2)
(92.5)
| 53 (8.8)
(100.0)
|
p < .001
|
26-35 yrs
| 25 (10.7)
(21.9)
| 89 (23.9)
(78.1)
| 114 (18.8)
(100.0)
| |
36-49 yrs
| 87 (37.3)
(38.7)
| 138 (37.1)
(61.3)
| 225 (37.2)
(100.0)
| |
50-59 yrs
| 48 (20.6)
(52.7)
| 43 (11.6)
(47.3)
| 91 (15.0)
(100.0)
| |
60-65 yrs
| 38 (16.3)
(57.6)
| 28 (7.5)
(42.4)
| 66 (10.9)
(100.0)
| |
>65 yrs
| 31 (13.3)
(55.4)
| 25 (6.7)
(44.6)
| 56 (9.3)
(100.0)
| |
Mean ± SD
|
50.55 ± 13.24
|
41.51 ± 14.58
|
44.99 ± 14.74
| |
Background
| ||||
Urban
| 198 (85.0)
(41.2)
| 283 (76.1)
(58.8)
| 481 (79.5)
(100.0)
|
p = .009
|
Rural
| 22 (9.4)
(34.9)
| 41 (11.0)
(65.1)
| 63 (10.4)
(100.0)
| |
Slum
| 13 (5.6)
(21.3)
| 48(12.9)
(78.7)
| 61 (10.1)
(100.0)
| |
Socioeconomic status
| ||||
Upper-upper
| 9 (3.9)
(64.3)
| 5 (1.3)
(35.7)
| 14 (8.8)
(100.0)
|
p = .021
|
Upper-middle
| 153 (65.7)
(41.6)
| 215 (57.8)
(58.4)
| 368 (60.8)
(100.0)
| |
Upper-lower
| 38 (16.3)
(30.6)
| 86 (23.1)
(55.6)
| 124 (20.5)
(100.0)
| |
Lower
| 33 (14.2)
(33.3)
| 66 (17.7)
(66.7)
| 99 (16.4)
(100.0)
| |
Religion
| ||||
Hindu
| 131 (56.2)
(35.2)
| 241 (64.8)
(64.8)
| 372 (61.5)
(100.0)
|
p = .100
|
Sikh
| 94 (40.3)
(45.2)
| 114 (30.6)
(54.8)
| 208 (34.4)
(100.0)
| |
Muslim
| 6(2.6)
(30.0)
| 14(3.8)
(70.0)
| 20 (3.3)
(100.0)
| |
Christian
| 2 (0.9)
(40.0)
| 3 (0.8)
(60.0)
| 5 (0.8)
(100.0)
| |
Physical activity
| ||||
Sedentary
| 211 (90.6)
(41.9)
| 293 (78.8)
(58.1)
| 504 (83.3)
(100.0)
|
P < .001
|
Moderate
| 22 (9.4)
(23.7)
| 71 (19.1)
(76.3)
| 93 (15.4)
(100.0)
| |
Heavy
| 0 (0.0)
(0.0)
| 8 (2.2)
(100.0)
| 8 (1.3)
(100.0)
| |
BMI
| ||||
Underweight
| 1 (0.4)
(5.6)
| 17 (4.6)
(94.4)
| 18 (3.0)
(100.0)
|
P < .001
|
Normal
| 51 (21.9)
(19.2)
| 215 (57.8%)
(80.8)
| 266 (44.0)
(100.0)
| |
Pre-obese
| 110 (47.2)
(45.8)
| 130 (34.9)
(54.2)
| 240 (39.7)
(100.0)
| |
Obese Class I
| 60 (25.8)
(87.0)
| 9 (2.4)
(13.0)
| 69 (11.4)
(100.0)
| |
Obese Class II
| 9 (3.9)
(90.0)
| 1 (0.3)
(10.0)
| 10 (1.7)
(100.0)
| |
Obese Class III
| 2 (0.9)
(100.0)
| 0 (0.0)
(0.0)
| 2 (0.3)
(100.0)
| |
Mean ± SD
| 27.95 ± 4.15 | 23.81 ± 3.23 |
25.40 ± 4.13
| |
Total
| 233 (100.0)
(38.5)
| 372 (100.0)
(61.5)
| 605 (100.0)
(100.0
|