Introduction
EEG in ASD
Relation to child characteristics
Current study aims
Methods
Participants
Recruitment
Enrollment
ASD
NT
Descriptive characterization
ASD | NT | Diagnostic group effect | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total N = 280 | Female, N = 61 | Male, N = 81 | Female, N = 68 | Male, N = 70 | χ2 (1) = 1.12, p = .289 |
Age (months) | 149.51 (34.77) | 146.51 (34.21) | 157.99 (36.88) | 161.37 (33.09) | F(1, 278) = 8.27, p = .004 |
ADOS-2 | |||||
Total CSS | 6.51 (1.80) | 7.16 (1.84) | -- | -- | -- |
SA CSS | 6.61 (1.79) | 7.28 (1.89) | -- | -- | -- |
RRB CSS | 6.84 (2.59) | 6.54 (2.59) | -- | -- | -- |
SRS-2 | |||||
Total (raw score) | 95.71 (27.33) | 90.38 (28.02) | 17.31 (12.31) | 15.74 (12.04) | F(1, 252) = 836.65, p < .001 |
Total (T-score) | 78.22 (11.55) | 72.60 (11.18) | 45.09 (5.21) | 42.86 (4.84) | F(1, 252) = 790.13, p < .001 |
DAS-II | |||||
Verbal SS | 102.69 (20.54) | 99.53 (20.66) | 112.72 (15.44) | 113.12 (16.78) | F(1, 273) = 28.91, p < .001 |
Nonverbal reasoning SS | 100.85 (17.64) | 101.28 (17.86) | 110.25 (15.92) | 109.58 (14.80) | F(1, 273) = 19.36, p < .001 |
Spatial SS | 98.20 (18.10) | 99.91 (17.33) | 109.87 (12.98) | 111.41 (15.33) | F(1, 273) = 35.15, p < .001 |
Vineland-II | |||||
Communication SS | 78.35 (13.95) | 75.88 (10.87) | 101.45 (13.58) | 96.87 (12.56) | F(1, 256) = 192.30, p < .001 |
Socialization SS | 74.16 (13.48) | 73.72 (10.92) | 102.37 (13.27) | 100.74 (11.46) | F(1, 256) = 328.83, p < .001 |
Daily living skills SS | 78.65 (14.82) | 75.94 (13.09) | 100.29 (12.67) | 95.58 (13.13) | F(1, 256) = 152.32, p < .001 |
EEG protocol
Acquisition
Signal processing
Power derivation
Statistical methods
Results
Sex
Delta | Theta | Alpha | Beta | Gamma | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Left | Mid | Right | Left | Mid | Right | Left | Mid | Right | Left | Mid | Right | Left | Mid | Right | ||
ASD | ||||||||||||||||
Anterior | % Diff | − 4% | − 4% | − 4% | 6% | 6% | 3% | 26% | 20% | 22% | − 2% | − 2% | − 6% | − 5% | − 8% | − 12% |
p-val | 0.405 | 0.393 | 0.371 | 0.306 | 0.385 | 0.663 | 0.001 | 0.011 | 0.004 | 0.775 | 0.724 | 0.442 | 0.604 | 0.181 | 0.184 | |
Center | % Diff | − 4% | 0% | 3% | 8% | 11% | 14% | 36% | 38% | 46% | 2% | 3% | 5% | (int.2) | − 9% | − 15% |
p-val | 0.449 | 0.955 | 0.583 | 0.298 | 0.168 | 0.059 | 0.001 | 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.793 | 0.629 | 0.489 | 0.110 | 0.077 | ||
Posterior | % Diff | − 5% | 2% | 2% | 3% | 9% | 12% | 23% | 25% | 35% | 0% | 3% | 7% | − 16% | − 10% | − 13% |
p-val | 0.416 | 0.738 | 0.790 | 0.676 | 0.248 | 0.141 | 0.039 | 0.039 | 0.002 | 0.946 | 0.669 | 0.371 | 0.031 | 0.230 | 0.094 | |
Male sex | ||||||||||||||||
Anterior | % Diff | 23% | 15% | 26% | 17% | 7% | 19% | 15% | 4% | 15% | (int.1) | 3% | 23% | (int.3) | − 14% | 10% |
p-val | 0.001 | 0.004 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.280 | 0.001 | 0.034 | 0.548 | 0.025 | 0.598 | 0.007 | 0.018 | 0.332 | |||
Center | % Diff | 44% | 46% | 43% | 40% | 50% | 42% | 39% | 41% | 57% | 36% | 35% | 42% | (int.2) | 10% | 42% |
p-val | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.073 | < 0.001 | ||
Posterior | % Diff | 46% | 34% | 42% | 48% | 36% | 48% | 58% | 50% | 61% | 41% | 39% | 41% | 44% | 45% | 41% |
p-val | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.002 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
Age (years) | ||||||||||||||||
Anterior | % Diff | − 11% | − 13% | − 12% | − 12% | − 13% | − 13% | − 8% | − 8% | − 10% | (int.1) | − 7% | − 10% | (int.3) | − 6% | − 7% |
p-val | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||
Center | % Diff | − 16% | − 12% | − 14% | − 16% | − 13% | − 16% | − 11% | − 8% | − 11% | − 8% | − 5% | − 8% | − 5% | − 1% | − 4% |
p-val | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.003 | .107 | 0.031 | |
Posterior | % Diff | − 16% | − 14% | − 16% | − 16% | − 14% | − 16% | − 10% | − 10% | − 10% | − 8% | − 5% | − 8% | − 4% | − 1% | − 4% |
p-val | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.527 | 0.014 |
Age
Diagnostic group
Associations with phenotypic differences
Delta | Theta | Alpha | Beta | Gamma | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Left | Mid | Right | Left | Mid | Right | Left | Mid | Right | Left | Mid | Right | Left | Mid | Right | ||
Verbal IQ | ||||||||||||||||
Anterior | Correlation | .02 | − .09 | − .01 | .10 | .03 | .03 | .10 | .06 | .04 | − .03 | − .07 | − .04 | − .09 | − .12 | − .05 |
p-val | .83 | .27 | .90 | .22 | .74 | .69 | .24 | .52 | .62 | .70 | .38 | .63 | .28 | .15 | .58 | |
Center | Correlation | .05 | .02 | − .03 | .11 | .04 | .05 | .10 | .06 | .06 | .05 | − .01 | .02 | .02 | − .03 | − .03 |
p-val | .53 | .78 | .71 | .19 | .63 | .55 | .25 | .52 | .49 | .55 | .92 | .85 | .79 | .77 | .69 | |
Posterior | Correlation | .09 | − .01 | − .05 | .15 | .03 | .00 | .10 | .05 | .03 | .08 | .01 | − .03 | .02 | .06 | − .05 |
p-val | .30 | .92 | .58 | .08 | .68 | .98 | .22 | .57 | .73 | .34 | .94 | .77 | .78 | .51 | .54 | |
Nonverbal IQ | ||||||||||||||||
Anterior | Correlation | − .02 | − .09 | − .03 | .00 | − .03 | − .04 | − .11 | − .13 | − .12 | − .13 | − .16 | − .13 | − .14 | − .16 | − .10 |
p-val | .81 | .28 | .70 | .98 | .73 | .65 | .20 | .13 | .17 | .12 | .06 | .12 | .09 | .06 | .24 | |
Center | Correlation | .00 | − .02 | − .11 | .04 | − .01 | − .05 | − .11 | − .10 | − .14 | − .10 | − .14 | − .15 | − .12 | − .14 | − .16 |
p-val | .96 | .83 | .20 | .64 | .88 | .54 | .21 | .22 | .10 | .23 | .09 | .08 | .15 | .09 | .06 | |
Posterior | Correlation | .03 | .03 | − .06 | .05 | .01 | − .06 | − .07 | − .04 | − .14 | − .09 | − .06 | − .15 | − .15 | .02 | − .13 |
p-val | .70 | .70 | .50 | .59 | .89 | .51 | .41 | .62 | .09 | .31 | .50 | .08 | .08 | .80 | .12 | |
Vineland-II Socialization T-Score | ||||||||||||||||
Anterior | Correlation | − .11 | − .14 | − .01 | − .18 | − .17 | − .10 | − .29 | − .26 | − .22 | − .20 | − .19 | − .10 | − .09 | − .12 | − .05 |
p-val | .21 | .12 | .93 | .04 | .05 | .28 | .00 | .00 | .02 | .02 | .04 | .26 | .28 | .15 | .58 | |
Center | Correlation | − .03 | − .10 | − .07 | − .09 | − .11 | − .10 | − .15 | − .17 | − .18 | − .10 | − .12 | − .15 | .02 | − .03 | − .03 |
p-val | .76 | .29 | .41 | .31 | .25 | .27 | .09 | .06 | .05 | .26 | .19 | .09 | .79 | .77 | .69 | |
Posterior | Correlation | − .08 | − .15 | − .17 | − .11 | − .24 | − .22 | − .22 | − .28 | − .29 | − .15 | − .25 | − .26 | .02 | .06 | − .05 |
p-val | .40 | .09 | .06 | .23 | .01 | .01 | .01 | .00 | .00 | .10 | .01 | .00 | .78 | .51 | .54 | |
SRS-2 RBB T-Score | ||||||||||||||||
Anterior | Correlation | − .12 | − .06 | − .19 | .02 | − .04 | − .09 | .05 | .03 | − .01 | .12 | .07 | .03 | .17 | .18 | .09 |
p-val | .19 | .51 | .04 | .84 | .67 | .34 | .56 | .79 | .95 | .19 | .44 | .71 | .06 | .05 | .31 | |
Center | Correlation | − .08 | − .14 | − .11 | .00 | − .11 | − .09 | .03 | − .05 | .00 | .04 | − .04 | .00 | .08 | .03 | .10 |
p-val | .36 | .12 | .24 | 1.00 | .23 | .35 | .73 | .59 | .97 | .66 | .67 | .97 | .40 | .74 | .30 | |
Posterior | Correlation | − .14 | − .09 | − .05 | − .05 | − .01 | .01 | .00 | − .01 | .01 | .02 | .04 | .09 | .09 | .01 | .19 |
p-val | .12 | .35 | .61 | .63 | .89 | .91 | 1.00 | .91 | .89 | .87 | .66 | .35 | .35 | .95 | .03 |
Delta | Theta | Alpha | Beta | Gamma | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Left | Mid | Right | Left | Mid | Right | Left | Mid | Right | Left | Mid | Right | Left | Mid | Right | ||
A. Female ASD | ||||||||||||||||
Verbal Standard Score | ||||||||||||||||
Anterior | Correlation | .10 | .06 | .14 | .20 | .12 | .13 | .08 | .06 | .00 | .13 | .02 | .09 | .09 | − .02 | .13 |
p-val | .43 | .64 | .27 | .12 | .36 | .34 | .54 | .62 | .99 | .31 | .88 | .52 | .50 | .90 | .34 | |
Center | Correlation | .11 | .13 | .08 | .18 | .10 | .20 | .10 | .04 | .10 | .09 | .03 | .07 | .05 | .01 | − .02 |
p-val | .41 | .31 | .56 | .17 | .45 | .13 | .45 | .79 | .47 | .48 | .82 | .61 | .73 | .93 | .88 | |
Posterior | Correlation | .16 | .07 | .05 | .23 | .09 | .12 | .13 | .07 | .05 | .09 | .04 | .01 | − .02 | .02 | − .07 |
p-val | .23 | .60 | .68 | .07 | .51 | .35 | .31 | .60 | .68 | .52 | .77 | .92 | .90 | .87 | .61 | |
Nonverbal Standard Score | ||||||||||||||||
Anterior | Correlation | − .06 | − .06 | .05 | .04 | .01 | .01 | − .10 | − .11 | − .12 | .10 | − .09 | .08 | .18 | − .12 | .17 |
p-val | .66 | .67 | .73 | .79 | .97 | .91 | .46 | .38 | .37 | .47 | .51 | .52 | .18 | .37 | .20 | |
Center | Correlation | − .10 | − .05 | − .14 | .01 | − .03 | − .06 | − .12 | − .15 | − .15 | − .07 | − .19 | − .15 | .01 | − .20 | − .11 |
p-val | .44 | .72 | .28 | .95 | .82 | .66 | .36 | .26 | .25 | .60 | .15 | .25 | .94 | .13 | .39 | |
Posterior | Correlation | .00 | .02 | − .12 | .05 | .04 | − .05 | − .06 | − .01 | − .13 | − .10 | − .13 | − .18 | − .15 | − .12 | − .18 |
p-val | .98 | .89 | .38 | .72 | .79 | .68 | .67 | .97 | .32 | .44 | .34 | .16 | .26 | .37 | .18 | |
Vineland-II Socialization T-Score | ||||||||||||||||
Anterior | Correlation | .01 | − .05 | .19 | − .03 | − .05 | .08 | − .18 | − .15 | − .11 | − .25 | − .17 | − .03 | − .27 | − .24 | − .07 |
p-val | .93 | .70 | .18 | .81 | .72 | .56 | .19 | .28 | .42 | .07 | .22 | .83 | .04 | .08 | .63 | |
Center | Correlation | .03 | .00 | .06 | .01 | .02 | .08 | − .07 | − .10 | − .04 | − .06 | − .05 | − .03 | − .10 | − .02 | − .09 |
p-val | .84 | .99 | .65 | .97 | .88 | .58 | .62 | .48 | .78 | .68 | .72 | .81 | .48 | .89 | .50 | |
Posterior | Correlation | .00 | − .02 | − .11 | − .03 | − .13 | − .13 | − .13 | − .18 | − .21 | − .08 | − .14 | − .20 | − .06 | .09 | − .19 |
p-val | .99 | .87 | .42 | .84 | .34 | .34 | .36 | .20 | .12 | .57 | .30 | .14 | .66 | .51 | .18 | |
SRS-2 RRB T-Score | ||||||||||||||||
Anterior | Correlation | − .14 | − .14 | − .26 | − .08 | − .12 | − .17 | − .03 | − .02 | − .06 | .01 | − .04 | − .19 | .13 | .12 | − .12 |
p-val | .32 | .35 | .07 | .57 | .39 | .25 | .85 | .88 | .67 | .95 | .77 | .19 | .37 | .40 | .39 | |
Center | Correlation | − .16 | − .14 | − .13 | − .11 | − .11 | − .15 | − .09 | .00 | − .08 | − .12 | − .10 | − .15 | .05 | .06 | .01 |
p-val | .27 | .33 | .36 | .46 | .46 | .30 | .55 | .99 | .57 | .42 | .49 | .30 | .71 | .67 | .97 | |
Posterior | Correlation | − .22 | − .08 | − .09 | − .09 | .02 | − .03 | − .05 | .04 | .01 | − .07 | .05 | .01 | .07 | .08 | .20 |
p-val | .13 | .57 | .52 | .54 | .87 | .82 | .74 | .79 | .94 | .62 | .76 | .96 | .61 | .58 | .17 | |
B. Male ASD | ||||||||||||||||
Verbal IQ | ||||||||||||||||
Anterior | Correlation | − .01 | − .17 | − .08 | .04 | − .05 | − .02 | .12 | .04 | .07 | − .12 | − .13 | − .12 | − .22 | − .21 | − .17 |
p-val | .92 | .13 | .45 | .70 | .68 | .87 | .30 | .71 | .54 | .29 | .24 | .28 | .05 | .06 | .12 | |
Center | Correlation | .09 | − .03 | − .10 | .13 | .01 | − .03 | .12 | .08 | .04 | .04 | − .02 | − .03 | − .02 | − .06 | − .09 |
p-val | .45 | .82 | .39 | .27 | .94 | .77 | .31 | .49 | .73 | .71 | .89 | .80 | .85 | .59 | .42 | |
Posterior | Correlation | .08 | − .04 | − .10 | .14 | .02 | − .06 | .11 | .04 | .02 | .10 | .02 | − .06 | .03 | .10 | − .08 |
p-val | .46 | .75 | .39 | .23 | .84 | .61 | .34 | .71 | .84 | .38 | .86 | .61 | .79 | .37 | .51 | |
Nonverbal IQ | ||||||||||||||||
Anterior | Correlation | .00 | − .11 | − .10 | − .04 | − .07 | − .09 | − .13 | − .15 | − .13 | − .28 | − .21 | − .28 | − .35 | − .19 | − .28 |
p-val | .98 | .33 | .39 | .71 | .56 | .43 | .24 | .19 | .25 | .01 | .07 | .01 | .00 | .09 | .01 | |
Center | Correlation | .09 | .00 | − .11 | .06 | − .02 | − .07 | − .10 | − .09 | − .16 | − .14 | − .13 | − .19 | − .25 | − .11 | − .23 |
p-val | .42 | .97 | .32 | .57 | .84 | .52 | .36 | .45 | .16 | .22 | .24 | .10 | .03 | .32 | .04 | |
Posterior | Correlation | .06 | .04 | − .02 | .04 | − .02 | − .08 | − .10 | − .09 | − .18 | − .09 | − .02 | − .15 | − .18 | .11 | − .13 |
p-val | .63 | .71 | .85 | .74 | .88 | .49 | .39 | .45 | .11 | .40 | .89 | .18 | .11 | .34 | .25 | |
Vineland-II Socialization T-Score | ||||||||||||||||
Anterior | Correlation | − .24 | − .23 | − .16 | − .32 | − .28 | − .23 | − .39 | − .38 | − .31 | − .17 | − .21 | − .13 | − .08 | − .10 | − .06 |
p-val | .05 | .06 | .20 | .01 | .02 | .06 | .00 | .00 | .01 | .16 | .09 | .28 | .52 | .43 | .62 | |
Center | Correlation | − .09 | − .20 | − .21 | − .18 | − .21 | − .25 | − .24 | − .24 | − .31 | − .14 | − .18 | − .25 | − .03 | − .06 | − .22 |
p-val | .48 | .11 | .09 | .14 | .09 | .04 | .05 | .05 | .01 | .27 | .14 | .04 | .79 | .65 | .07 | |
Posterior | Correlation | − .15 | − .28 | − .22 | − .19 | − .34 | − .30 | − .33 | − .38 | − .36 | − .22 | − .35 | − .31 | − .15 | − .21 | − .30 |
p-val | .22 | .02 | .07 | .13 | .00 | .01 | .01 | .00 | .00 | .07 | .00 | .01 | .22 | .09 | .01 | |
SRS-2 RRB T-Score | ||||||||||||||||
Anterior | Correlation | − .03 | .01 | − .09 | .17 | .04 | .02 | .15 | .07 | .08 | .29 | .18 | .24 | .27 | .20 | .26 |
p-val | .81 | .91 | .46 | .16 | .72 | .88 | .21 | .57 | .54 | .02 | .15 | .05 | .03 | .09 | .03 | |
Center | Correlation | .04 | − .06 | .02 | .15 | − .03 | .06 | .17 | − .04 | .15 | .24 | .10 | .21 | .16 | .07 | .24 |
p-val | .72 | .62 | .88 | .23 | .83 | .63 | .18 | .77 | .23 | .05 | .41 | .08 | .20 | .59 | .05 | |
Posterior | Correlation | .00 | − .02 | .07 | .07 | .04 | .14 | .11 | .01 | .08 | .21 | .12 | .24 | .21 | .03 | .29 |
p-val | .99 | .90 | .54 | .55 | .75 | .27 | .36 | .91 | .49 | .08 | .33 | .05 | .09 | .83 | .02 |