Background
Dementia as a public health priority in older people
The situation in Portugal
The 10/66 Dementia Research Group studies
Aims of the study
Methods
Study design
Setting
Participants
Measures
Preparation and procedures
Quality assurance
Statistical analysis
Results
General description of the two samples
Total (n = 1405) | Urban (n = 697) | Rural (n = 708) | χ2
|
df
| P | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age group (MV) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
65–69 years | 359 | 193(27.7%) | 166(23.5%) | 28.0 | 3 | <0.001 |
70–74 years | 353 | 196(28.1%) | 157(22.2%) | |||
75–79 years | 340 | 175(25.1%) | 165(23.3%) | |||
80+ years | 353 | 133(19.1%) | 220(31.1%) | |||
Gender (MV) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Female | 779 | 373(53.5%) | 406(57.3%) | 2.1 | 1 | 0.149 |
Educational level (MV) | 70 | 57(8.2%) | 13(1.8%) | |||
No education | 225 | 75(10.8%) | 150(21.2%) | 124.9 | 1 | <0.001 |
Primary (not completed) | 272 | 78(11.2%) | 194(27.4%) | |||
Completed primary | 770 | 446(64.0%) | 324(45.8%) | |||
Completed secondary | 49 | 31(4.5%) | 18(2.5%) | |||
Completed tertiary | 19 | 10(1.4%) | 9(1.3%) | |||
Marital status (MV) | 7 | 1 | 6 | |||
Never married | 61 | 19(2.7%) | 42(5.9%) | 35.9 | 4 | <0.001 |
Married or cohabiting | 946 | 509(73.0%) | 437(61.7%) | |||
Widowed | 349 | 140(20.1%) | 209(29.5%) | |||
Divorced or separated | 42 | 28(4.0%) | 14(2.0%) | |||
Previous occupation (MV) | 24 | 27 | 40 | |||
Professional/managerial | 171 | 127(18.2%) | 44(6.2%) | 88.2 | 4 | <0.001 |
Trade/clerical | 197 | 123(17.7%) | 74(10.4%) | |||
Skilled laborer | 520 | 256(36.7%) | 264(37.3%) | |||
Unskilled manual laborer/agricultural worker | 497 | 185(26.5%) | 312(44.1%) | |||
Living arrangements (MV) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Alone | 295 | 102(14.6%) | 193(27.3%) | 57.6 | 4 | <0.001 |
With spouse only | 767 | 388(55.7%) | 379(53.5%) | |||
With adult children | 30 | 25(3.6%) | 5(0.7%) | |||
Other situations | 313 | 182(26.1%) | 131(18.1%) | |||
Source of income (MV) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Any government or occupational pension | 1266 | 600(86.1%) | 666(94.1%) | 25.1 | 1 | <0.001 |
Number of household assets | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
0–3 assets | 5 | 2(0.3%) | 3(0.4%) | 15.1 | 1 | <0.001 |
4–5 assets | 57 | 14(2.0%) | 43(6.2%) | |||
6–7 assets | 1343 | 681(97.7%) | 662(93.5%) |
Concurrent validation of 10/66 and DSM-IV dementia diagnoses
Group 1: No dementia (n = 1268) | Group 2: 10/66 dementia not confirmed by DSM-IV (n = 105) | Group 3: DSM-IV dementia (n = 24) | Group 1 vs Group 2 | Group 1 vs Group 3 | Group 2 vs Group 3 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CSI’D COGSCORE | Mean (SD) | 29.8 (2.5) | 20.6 (7.3) | 17.5 (7.4) | t value = −9.1
p < 0.001 | t value = −12.3
p < 0.001 | t value = −3.1
p = 0.061 |
Median (IQR) | 30.3 (28.4–31.6) | 22.1 (18.7–25.3) | 20.1 (14.2–21.6) | ||||
CSI’D RELSCORE | Mean | 1.3 (1.7) | 10.5 (9.1) | 20.4 (7.1) | t value = 9.2
p < 0.001 | t value = 19.1
p < 0.001 | t value = 9.9
p < 0.001 |
Median | 1 (0–2) | 8 (3–16) | 21.5 (17–24.4) | ||||
NPI-Q Distress | Mean | 1.2 (1.9) | 3.3 (3.6) | 7.4 (6.0) | t value = 2.1
p < 0.001 | t value = 6.2
p < 0.001 | t value = 4.06
p < 0.001 |
Median | 0 (0–2) | 2 (0–5) | 6 (2–12) | ||||
NPI-Q Severity | Mean | 1.4 (2.7) | 4.4 (6.1) | 10.8 (8.6) | t value = 3.0
p < 0.001 | t value = 9.3
p < 0.001 | t value = 6.4
p < 0.001 |
Median | 0 (0–2) | 2 (0–7) | 8 (3–17) | ||||
WHODAS 2.0 Disability | Mean | 16.9 (19.2) | 41.1 (30.0) | 52.8 (31.9) | t value = 24.2
p < 0.001 | t value = 35.9
p < 0.001 | t value = 11.7
p = 0.09 |
Median | 11.1 (0–27.8) | 37.5 (15.3-66.7) | 55.5 (27.8–80.56) | ||||
Need for care | Needs care much of the time | 2.1% | 33.3% | 54.2% | X2 = 381.7 p < 0.0001 | ||
Needs care some of the time | 6.1% | 24.8% | 25.0% | ||||
No care needed | 91.9% | 41.9% | 21.0% |
Prevalence of dementia, and distribution of subtypes and severity among dementia cases
DSM-IV | 65–69 | 70–74 | 75–79 | 80+ | Overall | |
Urban (n = 690)
|
Female
| # | 6.93 (3.33–13.80) | 4.60 (1.73–11.63) | 11.11 (5.65–20.70) | 4.35 (3.06–6.14) |
Male
| 1.18 (0.17–7.90) | 2.15 (0.54–8.21) | 5.88 (2.47–13.38) | 5.08 (1.65–14.64) | ||
Rural (n = 707)
|
Female
| # | 1.05 (0.15–7.11) | 1.16 (0.16–7.82) | 6.06 (3.10–11.63) | 2.97 (1.95–4.49) |
Male
| # | # | 5.13 (1.93–12.91) | 7.95 (3.83–15.79) | ||
Overall (n = 1397)
|
Female
| # | 4.08 (2.05–7.96) | 2.89 (1.21–6.77) | 7.84 (4.86–12.41) | 3.65 (2.79–4.97) |
Male
| 0.63 (0.09–4.37) | 1.29 (0.32–5.02) | 5.52 (2.89–10.28) | 6.80 (3.69–12.20) | ||
10/66 | 65–69 | 70–74 | 75–79 | 80+ | Overall | |
Urban (n = 690)
|
Female
| 0.93 (0.13–6.30) | 9.09 (5.40–17.45) | 10.34 (5.47–18.72) | 25.00 (16.34–36.26) | 9.28 (7.24–11.80) |
Male
| 2.35 (0.59–8.94) | 3.23 (1.04–9.55) | 11.76 (6.44–20.52) | 18.64 (10.63–30.64) | ||
Rural (n = 707)
|
Female
| # | 3.16 (1.02–9.36) | 9.30 (4.70–17.57) | 16.67 (11.27–23.96) | 9.19 (7.29–11.54) |
Male
| 2.74 (0.70–10.15) | 9.68 (4.47–19.72) | 10.26 (5.20–19.23) | 18.19 (11.43–27.69) | ||
Overall (n = 1397)
|
Female
| 0.50 (0.07–3.50) | 6.63 (3.89–11.10) | 9.83 (6.19–15.26) | 19.61 (14.74–25.61) | 9.23 (7.80–10.90) |
Male
| 2.53 (0.96–6.52) | 5.81 (3.06–10.75) | 11.04 (7.06–16.86) | 18.37 (12.89–25.49) |
Dementia Subtype | AREA | ||
---|---|---|---|
Urban n (%) | Rural n (%) | Overall n (%) | |
not allocated | 20 (31.3) | 19 (29.2) | 39 (30.2) |
pure Alzheimer’s disease (AD) | 31 (48.4) | 23 (35.4) | 54 (41.9) |
pure vascular dementia (VAD) | 6 (9.4) | 8 (12.3) | 14 (10.9) |
mixed AD/ VAD | 0 (0.0) | 7 (10.8) | 7 (5.4) |
mixed AD/ Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) | 5 (7.8) | 4 (6.2) | 9 (7.0) |
Frontal Temporal Dementia (FTD) | 2 (2.9) | 4 (6.2) | 6 (4.7) |
TOTAL | 64 (100.0) | 65 (100.0) | 129 (100.0) |
DSM-IV dementia | 10/66 DRG dementia | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban | Rural | Overall | Urban | Rural | Overall | ||
Number of cases | 30 | 21 | 51 | 64 | 65 | 129 | |
CDR | No dementia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 (9.4%) | 2 (3.1%) | 8 (6.2%) |
Questionable | 0 | 1 (4.8%) | 1 (2.0%) | 13 (20.3%) | 15 (23.1%) | 28 (21.7%) | |
Mild | 19 (63.3%) | 14 (66.7%) | 33 (64.7%) | 30 (46.9%) | 36 (55.4%) | 66 (51.2%) | |
Moderate | 11 (36.7%) | 6 (28.6%) | 17 (33.3%) | 15 (23.4%) | 12 (18.5%) | 27 (20.9%) | |
10/66 dementia, restricted to CDR mild/moderate/severe | 7.53 (5.78–9.78) | 8.63 (6.77–10.90) | 8.09 (6.77–9.64) |
Correlates of dementia
Urban | Rural | Overall | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
DSM-IV diagnosis of dementia | Age (per 5-year band) | 1.52 (1.11–2.09) | 3.12 (1.86–5.23) | 1.87 (1.45–2.42) |
Male sex | 0.90 (0.41–1.96) | 1.44 (0.62–3.38) | 1.00 (0.57–1.74) | |
Education (per level) | 0.71 (0.48–1.03) | 1.94 (1.09–3.45) | 1.19 (0.82–1.73) | |
Assets (per asset) | 0.73 (0.47–1.12) | 0.61 (0.47–0.78) | 0.71 (0.54–0.92) | |
10/66 DRG diagnosis of dementia | Age (per 5-year band) | 1.79 (1.41–2.28) | 1.75 (1.35–2.27) | 1.74 (1.46–2.07) |
Male sex | 1.09 (0.67–1.77) | 1.50 (0.95–2.36) | 1.24 (0.90–1.72) | |
Education (per level) | 0.65 (0.51–0.84) | 0.87 (0.63–1.22) | 0.79 (0.64–0.97) | |
Assets (per asset) | 0.71 (0.55–0.90) | 0.68 (0.58–0.80) | 0.72 (0.62–0.83) |